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APS » Journals » Reviews of Modern Physics Reviews of Modern Physics Welcome Recent Papers Accepted Papers About Reviews of Modern PhysicsReviews of Modern Physics (RMP) serves both students and senior researchers in a broad range of fields. Its review articles offer in-depth treatment of a research area, surveying recent work and providing an introduction that is aimed at physics graduate students and nonspecialists. These reviews also feature bibliographies that are of great value to the specialist. The journal's shorter Colloquia describe recent work of interest to all physicists, especially work at the frontiers of physics, which may have an impact on several different subfields. More...  On the Cover October - December 2008Andreev reflection and Klein tunneling in grapheneRead Article | More Covers Editorial: APS now leaves copyright with authors for derivative worksOctober 1, 2008When you submit an article to an APS journal, we ask you to sign our copyright form. It transfers copyright for the article to APS, but keeps certain rights for you, the author. We have recently changed the form to add the right to make ‘‘derivative works’’ that reuse parts of the article in a new work. The importance of this change is discussed below.Read More | More EditorialsEditorial: Physics - spotlighting exceptional researchSeptember 15, 2008
Information overload is everywhere, and physicists have not escaped. APS alone publishes over 18,000 articles a year, and lurking within them are some truly exceptional papers that every physicist should know about. How can we most effectively bring the best in all of the Physical Review journals to the wider notice of working physicists? Today is the formal debut of a new free online publication called Physics. Available in preliminary form since July, this new venture offers expert-written commentary articles that highlight and provide context for a select group of papers published by APS and occasionally others. Read More | More Editorials  Physical Review Focus: Molecule in a Cage January 8, 2009A hydrogen molecule trapped in a carbon cage is restricted to discrete energies of linear and rotational motion, an unusually clean demonstration of the wave nature of molecules.Read More |More Focus Articles Timeline The timeline features events related to the Physical Review and Physical Review Letters, as well as seminal developments in physics after 1893. We also list a few important papers published by the journals. Each week, papers published in PRL will be highlighted separately as Milestone Letters. 1970: Standard model1991: First email correspondence2006: Free to Read Complete Timeline >  Recently published articles in Reviews of Modern Physics. See the current issues for more. Defects in correlated metals and superconductors H. Alloul, J. Bobroff, M. Gabay, and P. J. Hirschfeld In materials with strong local Coulomb interactions, simple defects such as atomic substitutions strongly affect both macroscopic and local properties of the system. A nonmagnetic impurity, for instance, is seen to induce magnetism nearby. Even without disorder, models of such correlated systems are... [Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 45 ] Published Thu Jan 8, 2009Read articleColloquium: Fundamentals of dust-plasma interactions P. K. Shukla and B. Eliasson Dusty plasmas are ubiquitous in low-temperature laboratory discharges as well as in the near-earth environment, planetary rings, and interstellar spaces. In this paper, updated knowledge of fundamentals of collective dust-plasma interactions and several novel phenomena are presented that have been o... [Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 25 ] Published Wed Jan 7, 2009Read articleColloquium: The physics of Maxwell’s demon and information Koji Maruyama, Franco Nori, and Vlatko Vedral Maxwell’s demon was born in 1867 and still thrives in modern physics. He plays important roles in clarifying the connections between two theories: thermodynamics and information. Here the history of the demon and a variety of interesting consequences of the second law of thermodynamics are present... [Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 1 ] Published Tue Jan 6, 2009Read articleHow America can look within to achieve energy security and reduce global warming Burton Richter, David Goldston, George Crabtree, Leon Glicksman, David Goldstein, David Greene, Dan Kammen, Mark Levine, Michael Lubell, Maxine Savitz, Daniel Sperling, Fred Schlachter, John Scofield, and James Dawson The American Physical Society regularly produces reports on issues of public import that require technical understanding and for which an objective and authoritative analysis would be of particular use to the public and policy makers. This report, entitled Energy Future: Think Efficiency, is the lat... [Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, S1 ] Published Tue Dec 30, 2008Read articleNobel Lecture: Origin, development, and future of spintronics Albert Fert  [Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 1517 ] Published Wed Dec 17, 2008Read articleNobel Lecture: From spin waves to giant magnetoresistance and beyond Peter A. Grünberg [Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 1531 ] Published Wed Dec 17, 2008Read articleColor superconductivity in dense quark matter Mark G. Alford, Andreas Schmitt, Krishna Rajagopal, and Thomas Schäfer Matter at high density and low temperature is expected to be a color superconductor, which is a degenerate Fermi gas of quarks with a condensate of Cooper pairs near the Fermi surface that induces color Meissner effects. At the highest densities, where the QCD coupling is weak, rigorous calculations... [Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 1455 ] Published Tue Nov 11, 2008Read articleConifolds and geometric transitions Rhiannon Gwyn and Anke Knauf Conifold geometries have recieved much attention in string theory and string-inspired cosmology recently, in particular the Klebanov-Strassler background that is known as the “warped throat.” This paper provides a pedagogical explanation for the singularity resolution in this geometry and emphas... [Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 1419 ] Published Tue Oct 21, 2008Read articleAnderson transitions Ferdinand Evers and Alexander D. Mirlin The physics of Anderson transitions between localized and metallic phases in disordered systems is reviewed. The term “Anderson transition” is understood in a broad sense, including both metal-insulator transitions and quantum-Hall-type transitions between phases with localized states. The empha... [Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 1355 ] Published Fri Oct 17, 2008Read articleCritical phenomena in complex networks S. N. Dorogovtsev, A. V. Goltsev, and J. F. Mendes The combination of the compactness of networks, featuring small diameters, and their complex architectures results in a variety of critical effects dramatically different from those in cooperative systems on lattices. In the last few years, important steps have been made toward understanding the qua... [Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 1275 ] Published Mon Oct 6, 2008Read articleColloquium: Andreev reflection and Klein tunneling in graphene C. W. Beenakker A colloquium-style introduction to two electronic processes in a carbon monolayer (graphene) is presented, each having an analog in relativistic quantum mechanics. Both processes couple electronlike and holelike states, through the action of either a superconducting pair potential or an electrostati... [Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 1337 ] Published Mon Oct 6, 2008Read articleTheory of ultracold atomic Fermi gases Stefano Giorgini, Lev P. Pitaevskii, and Sandro Stringari The physics of quantum degenerate atomic Fermi gases in uniform as well as in harmonically trapped configurations is reviewed from a theoretical perspective. Emphasis is given to the effect of interactions that play a crucial role, bringing the gas into a superfluid phase at low temperature. In thes... [Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 1215 ] Published Thu Oct 2, 2008Read articleEditorial: Physics - spotlighting exceptional research Gene D. Sprouse [Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 1197 ] Published Wed Oct 1, 2008Read articleEditorial: APS now leaves copyright with authors for derivative works Gene D. Sprouse [Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 1199 ] Published Wed Oct 1, 2008Read articleColloquium: Unusual resonators: Plasmonics, metamaterials, and random media Konstantin Y. Bliokh, Yury P. Bliokh, Valentin Freilikher, Sergey Savel’ev, and Franco Nori Super-resolution, extraordinary transmission, total absorption, and localization of electromagnetic waves are currently attracting growing attention. These phenomena are related to different physical systems and are usually studied within the context of different, sometimes rather sophisticated, app... [Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 1201 ] Published Wed Oct 1, 2008Read articleQuarkonia and their transitions Estia Eichten, Stephen Godfrey, Hanna Mahlke, and Jonathan L. Rosner Valuable data on quarkonia (the bound states of a heavy quark Q=c,b and the corresponding antiquark) have recently been provided by a variety of sources, mainly e+e− collisions, but also hadronic interactions. This permits a thorough updating of the experimental and theoretical status of elect... [Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 1161 ] Published Fri Sep 19, 2008Read articleErrata Publisher's Note: Finite-size scaling of 4He at the superfluid transition [Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 1009 (2008)] Francis M. Gasparini, Mark O. Kimball, Kevin P. Mooney, and Manuel Diaz-Avila [Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 1195 ] Published Fri Sep 19, 2008Read article Non-Abelian anyons and topological quantum computation Chetan Nayak, Steven H. Simon, Ady Stern, Michael Freedman, and Sankar Das Sarma Topological quantum computation has emerged as one of the most exciting approaches to constructing a fault-tolerant quantum computer. The proposal relies on the existence of topological states of matter whose quasiparticle excitations are neither bosons nor fermions, but are particles known as non-A... [Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 1083 ] Published Fri Sep 12, 2008Read articleColloquium: Quantum annealing and analog quantum computation Arnab Das and Bikas K. Chakrabarti The recent success in quantum annealing, i.e., optimization of the cost or energy functions of complex systems utilizing quantum fluctuations is reviewed here. The concept is introduced in successive steps through studying the mapping of such computationally hard problems to classical spin-glass pro... [Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 1061 ] Published Fri Sep 5, 2008Read articleFinite-size scaling of 4He at the superfluid transition Francis M. Gasparini, Mark O. Kimball, Kevin P. Mooney, and Manuel Diaz-Avila Experimental results for confined 4He are reviewed that are relevant to correlation-length scaling near the superfluid transition. Data are discussed for which the uniform confinement represents dimensionality crossover from three dimensions (3D) to 2D, 1D, and 0D. In addition, data for the onset ... [Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 1009 ] Published Thu Sep 4, 2008Read articleWaiting for precise measurements of K+→π+νν̅ and KL→π0νν̅ Andrzej J. Buras, Selma Uhlig, and Felix Schwab In view of future plans for accurate measurements of the theoretically clean branching ratios Br(K+→π+νν̅ ) and Br(KL→π0νν̅ ) , which should occur in the next decade, the relevant formulas for quantities of interest are collected and their theoretical and parametric un... [Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 965 ] Published Tue Aug 5, 2008Read articleMany-body physics with ultracold gases Immanuel Bloch, Jean Dalibard, and Wilhelm Zwerger This paper reviews recent experimental and theoretical progress concerning many-body phenomena in dilute, ultracold gases. It focuses on effects beyond standard weak-coupling descriptions, such as the Mott-Hubbard transition in optical lattices, strongly interacting gases in one and two dimensions, ... [Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 885 ] Published Fri Jul 18, 2008Read articleTransport phenomena in nanofluidics Reto B. Schoch, Jongyoon Han, and Philippe Renaud The transport of fluid in and around nanometer-sized objects with at least one characteristic dimension below 100 nm enables the occurrence of phenomena that are impossible at bigger length scales. This research field was only recently termed nanofluidics, but it has deep roots in science a... [Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 839 ] Published Thu Jul 17, 2008Read articleThe Unruh effect and its applications Luís C. Crispino, Atsushi Higuchi, and George E. Matsas It has been 30 years since the discovery of the Unruh effect. It has played a crucial role in our understanding that the particle content of a field theory is observer dependent. This effect is important in its own right and as a way to understand the phenomenon of particle emission from bl... [Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 787 ] Published Tue Jul 1, 2008Read article Papers recently accepted for publication in Reviews of Modern Physics (view more). Artificial Brownian motors: Controlling transport on the nanoscale Peter Hanggi and Fabio Marchesoni In systems possessing spatial or dynamical symmetry breaking, Brownian motion combined with unbiased external input signals, deterministic or random, alike, can assist directed motion of particles at the submicron scales. In such cases, one speaks of "Brownian motors". In this review the constructive role of Brownian motion is exemplified for various physical and technological setups, which are inspired by the cell molecular machinery: working principles and characteristics of stylized devices are discussed to show how fluctuations, either thermal or extrinsic, can be used to control diffusive particle transport. Recent experimental demonstrations of this concept are surveyed with particular attention to transport in artificial, i.e. non-biological nanopores and optical traps, where single particle currents have been first measured. Much emphasis is given to two- and three-dimensional devices containing many interacting particles of one or more species; for this class of artificial motors, noise rectification results also from the interplay of particle Brownian motion and geometric constraints. Recently, selective control and optimization of the transport of interacting colloidal particles and magnetic vortices have been successfully achieved, thus leading to the new generation of microfluidic and superconducting devices presented hereby. The field has recently been enriched with impressive experimental achievements in building artificial Brownian motor devices that even operate within the quantum domain by harvesting quantum Brownian motion. Sundry akin topics include activities aimed at noise-assisted shuttling other degrees of freedom such as charge, spin or even heat and the assembly of chemical synthetic molecular motors. Our survey ends with a perspective for future roadways and potential new applications. Accepted Wed Oct 15, 2008Colloquium: Electron lattice interaction and its impact on high T_{c} superconductivity V. Z. Kresin and S. A. Wolf In this Colloquium we discuss the main features of the electron-vibrational (phonon) interaction and stress that it can provide high values of the critical temperature up to room temperature. While the issue of mechanism of superconductivity in the high Tc cuprates continues to be controversial, one can state that there have been many experimental results demonstrating that the lattice makes a strong impact on the pairing. The polaronic nature of the carriers is also a manifestation of strong electron-lattice interaction. One can propose an experiment that allows an unambiguous determination of the intermediate boson which provides the pairing. The electron-lattice interaction increases for nanosystems, and this is due to an effective increase in the density of states. Accepted Fri Dec 12, 2008Rotating trapped Bose Einstein condensates Alexander L. Fetter After reviewing the ideal Bose-Einstein gas in a box and in a harmonic trap, I discuss the effect of interactions on the formation of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), along with the dynamics of small-amplitude perturbations (the Bogoliubov equations). When the condensate rotates with angular velocity W, one or several vortices nucleate, leading to many observable consequences. With more rapid rotation, the vortices form a dense triangular array, and the collective behavior of these vortices has additional experimental implications. For W near the radial trap frequency w^, the lowest-Landau-level approximation becomes applicable, providing a simple picture of such rapidly rotating condensates. Eventually, as Ww^, the rotating dilute gas is expected to undergo a quantum phase transition from a superfluid to various highly correlated (nonsuperfluid) states analogous to those familiar from the fractional quantum Hall effect for electrons in a strong perpendicular magnetic field. Accepted Wed Dec 31, 2008Optics and interferometry with atoms and molecules Alexander D. Cronin, Jorg Schmiedmayer and David E. Pritchard Interference with atomic and molecular matter waves is a rich branch of atomic physics and quantum optics. It started with atom diffraction from crystal surfaces and the separated oscillatory fields technique used in atomic clocks. Atom interferometry is now reaching maturity as a powerful art with many applications in modern science. In this review we first describe the basic tools for coherent atom optics including diffraction by nanostructures and laser light, three-grating interferometers, and double wells on atom chips. Then we review scientific advances in a broad range of fields that have resulted from the application of atom interferometers. These are grouped in three categories: (1) fundamental quantum science, (2) precision metrology and (3) atomic and molecular physics. Although some experiments with Bose Einstein condensates are included, the focus of the review is on linear matter wave optics, i.e. phenomena where each single atom interferes with itself. Accepted Mon Dec 29, 2008Attosecond physics Ferenc Krausz and Misha Ivanov Intense ultrashort light pulses comprising merely a few wave cycles became routinely available by the turn of the millennium. The technologies underlying their production and measurement as well as relevant theoretical modelling are reviewed on the pages of Reviews of Modern Physics (Brabec and Krausz, 2000). Since then, measurement and control of the sub-cycle field evolution of few-cycle light have opened the doorto a radically new approach to exploring and controlling processes of the microcosm. The hyperfast varying electric field of visible light permitted steering and clocking of the motion of electrons on the atomic scale. Striking implications include controlled generation and measurement of single sub-fs pulses of extreme ultraviolet light as well as trains of them and real-time observation of atomic-scale electron dynamics. The tools and techniques for steering and chasing electronic motion in atoms, molecules and nanostructures are now becoming available, marking the birth of attosecond physics. In this article we review these advances and address some of the expected implications. Accepted Mon Nov 10, 2008Fractal structures in nonlinear dynamics Jacobo Aguirre, Ricardo L. Viana and Miguel A. F. Sanjuan Besides the striking beauty inherent to their complex nature, fractals have become a fundamental ingredient of nonlinear dynamics and chaos theory since they were defined in the 1970s. Moreover, fractals have been detected in nature, in most fields of science, with even a certain influence in arts. Fractal structures appear naturally in dynamical systems, in particular associated to the phase space. The analysis of these structures is especially useful for obtaining information about the future behavior of complex systems, since they provide fundamental knowledge about their relation with uncertainty and indeterminism. Dynamical systems are divided in two main groups, Hamiltonian and dissipative systems. The concepts of attractor and basin of attraction are related to dissipative systems. In the case of open Hamiltonian systems, there are no attractors, but we have the analogous concepts of exit and exit basin. Therefore, basins formed by initial conditions can be computed both in Hamiltonian and dissipative systems, being some of them smooth and some of them fractal. This fact has fundamental consequences in our ability to predict the future of the system. The existence of this deterministic unpredictability, usually known as final state sensitivity, is typical of chaotic systems, and makes deterministic systems become, in practice, random processes where only a probabilistic approach is possible. The main types of fractal basins, their nature, and the numerical and experimental techniques used to obtain them both from mathematical models and real phenomena are described here, with special attention to their ubiquity in different fields of physics. Accepted Fri Oct 3, 2008Heat transfer and large scale dynamics in turbulent Rayleigh-B\'{e}nard convection Guenter Ahlers, Siegfried Grossmann and Detlef Lohse The progress in our understanding of several aspects of turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection is reviewed. The focus is on the question of how the Nusselt number and the Reynolds number depend on the Rayleigh number Ra and the Prandtl number Pr, and on how the thicknesses of the thermal and the kinetic boundary layers scale with Ra and Pr. Non-Oberbeck-Boussinesq effects and the dynamics of the large-scale convection-roll are addressed as well. The review ends with a list of challenges for future research on the turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard system. Accepted Thu Dec 18, 2008Wetting and spreading Daniel Bonn, Jens Eggers, Joseph Indekeu, Jacques Meunier and Etienne Rolley Wetting phenomena are ubiquitous in nature and technology. A solid substrate exposed to the environment is almost invariably covered by a layer of fluid material. In this review, we first consider the surface forces that lead to wetting, and the equilibrium surface coverage of a substrate in contact with a drop of liquid. Depending on the nature of the surface forces involved, different scenarios for wetting phase transitions are possible; we show that recent progress allows to relate the critical exponents directly to the nature of surface forces which lead to the different wetting scenarios. Thermal fluctuation effects, which can be greatly enhanced for wetting of geometrically or chemically structured substrates, or are much stronger in colloidal suspensions, modify the adsorption singularities. Macroscopic descriptions and microscopic theories have been developed to understand and predict wetting behavior relevant to micro- and nanofluidics applications. The second part of the paper deals with the dynamics of wetting. A drop placed on a substrate which it wets, spreads out to form a film. Conversely, a non-wetted substrate previously covered by a film dewets upon an appropriate change of system parameters. The hydrodynamics of both wetting and dewetting is influenced profoundly by the presence of the three-phase contact line separating "wet" regions from those which are either dry or covered by a microscopic film only. We review recent theoretical, experimental, and numerical progress in the description of moving contact line dynamics, and explore its relation to the thermodynamics of wetting. In addition we survey recent progress on rough surfaces. We explore in detail the anchoring of contact lines and contact angle hysteresis, resulting from surface inhomogeneities. Further, we discuss new ways to mold wetting characteristics according to technological constraints, e.g., the use of patterned surfaces, surfactants or complex fluids. Accepted Thu Nov 6, 2008Statistical physics of social dynamics Claudio Castellano, Santo Fortunato and Vittorio Loreto Statistical physics has proven to be a very fruitful framework to describe phenomena outside the realm of traditional physics. The last years have witnessed the attempt by physicists to study collective phenomena emerging from the interactions of individuals as elementary units in social structures. Here we review the state of the art by focusing on a wide list of topics ranging from opinion, cultural and language dynamics to crowd behavior, hierarchy formation, human dynamics, social spreading. We highlight the connections between these problems and other, more traditional, topics of statistical physics. We also emphasize the comparison of model results with empirical data from social systems. Accepted Mon Nov 3, 2008Multipolar interactions in \textit{f}-electron systems: The paradigmatic of actinide dioxides Paolo Santini, Stefano Carretta, Giuseppe Amoretti, Roberto Caciuffo, Nicola Magnani and Gerard H. Lander This article reviews the physics of multipolar interactions and multipolar order in f-electron systems, using the actinide dioxides as a paradigm. In the last few years these apparently simple cubic compounds have been studied intensively, and many qualitatively new phenomena have been discovered. Here, the experimental results are discussed together with the current theoretical understanding of multipolar interactions. Accepted Tue Dec 30, 2008Nature of the 5\textit{f} states in actinide metals Kevin T. Moore and van der van der Laan Gerrit Proposal (no abstract) Accepted Thu Aug 21, 2008The electronic properties of graphene Castro Neto A. H., F. Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov and A. K. Geim This article reviews the basic theoretical aspects of graphene, a one atom thick allotrope of carbon, with unusual two-dimensional Dirac-like electronic excitations. The Dirac electrons can be controlled by application of external electric and magnetic fields, or by altering sample geometry and/or topology. We show that the Dirac electrons behave in unusual ways in tunneling, confinement, and integer quantum Hall effect. We discuss the electronic properties of graphene stacks and show that they vary with stacking order and number of layers. Edge (surface) states in graphene are strongly dependent on the edge termination (zigzag or armchair) and affect the physical properties of nanoribbons. We also discuss how different types of disorder modify the Dirac equation leading to unusual spectroscopic and transport properties. The effects of electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions in single layer and multilayer graphene are also presented. Accepted Fri Jul 18, 2008High order harmonics from laser irradiated plasma surfaces U. Teubner and P. Gibbon Accepted Tue Oct 14, 2008Continuous variable optical quantum state tomography A. I. Lvovsky and M. G. Raymer This review covers latest developments in continuous-variable quantum-state tomography of optical fields and photons, placing a special accent on its practical aspects and applications in quantum information technology. Optical homodyne tomography is reviewed as a method of reconstructing the state of light in a given optical mode. A range of relevant practical topics are discussed, such as state-reconstruction algorithms (with emphasis on the maximum-likelihood technique), the technology of time-domain homodyne detection, mode matching issues, and engineering of complex quantum states of light. The paper also surveys quantum-state tomography for the transverse spatial state (spatial mode) of the field in the special case of fields containing precisely one photon. Accepted Mon Nov 10, 2008Quantum entanglement Ryszard Horodecki, Pawel Horodecki, Michal Horodecki and Karol Horodecki All our former experience with application of quantum theory seems to say: what is predicted by quantum formalism must occur in laboratory. But the essence of quantum formalism - entanglement, recognized by Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen and Schrödinger - waited over 70 years to enter to laboratories as a new resource as real as energy. This holistic property of compound quantum systems, which involves nonclassical correlations between subsystems, is a potential for many quantum processes, including "canonical" ones: quantum cryptography, quantum teleportation and dense coding. However, it appeared that this new resource is very complex and difficult to detect. Being usually fragile to environment, it is robust against conceptual and mathematical tools, the task of which is to decipher its rich structure. This article reviews basic aspects of entanglement including its characterization, detection, distillation and quantifying. In particular, the authors discuss various manifestations of entanglement via Bell inequalities, entropic inequalities, entanglement witnesses, quantum cryptography and point out some interrelations. They also discuss a basic role of entanglement in quantum communication within distant labs paradigm and stress some peculiarities such as irreversibility of entanglement manipulations including its extremal form - bound entanglement phenomenon. A basic role of entanglement witnesses in detection of entanglement is emphasized. Accepted Tue Sep 2, 2008 All Accepted Papers Current Issue Earlier Issues Article Lookup Journal Search Site Search Phys. Rev. Lett. Phys. Rev. A Phys. Rev. B Phys. Rev. C Phys. Rev. D Phys. Rev. E Phys. Rev. ST AB Phys. Rev. ST PER Phys. Rev. (Series I) Phys. Rev. Rev. Mod. Phys. 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