About site: Technology/Space/Missions/Unmanned/Moon - Surveyor Program
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Title: Technology/Space/Missions/Unmanned/Moon - Surveyor Program Mission descriptions, pictures, and links to detailed spacecraft and mission profiles.
Surveyor_to_the_Moon Information and data on the Lunar Landers (1966-1968) missions.

Zond_Missions Mission notes, pictures, and links to detailed spacecraft and mission profiles.

Cambridge_Cybernetic_Society Association with the mission to create a forum for transdisciplinary discussion in the tradition of cybernetics, to consider relationships of technology, commerce and society in the 21st Century and t

The_Control_Systems_Group Membership organization dedicated to application of William T. Powers' perceptual control theory model to understanding purposeful behavior.

Cybernetics_and_Systems_Societies A list maintained by F. Heylighen.

CybSoc The Cybernetics Society, London, UK


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Surveyor Program  

THE SURVEYOR PROGRAM

The Suveyor SpacecraftThe Surveyor SpacecraftThe Surveyor program consisted of seven unmanned lunar missions thatwere launched between May 1966 and January 1968. Five of these spacecraft,Surveyor 1, 3, 5, 6, and 7 successfully soft-landed on the lunar surface.In addition to demonstrating the feasibility of lunar surface landings,the Surveyor missions obtained lunar and cislunar photographs and bothscientific and technological information needed for the Apollo manned landingprogram. Four spacecraft, Surveyor 1, 3, 5, and 6, returned data from selectedmare sites from Apollo program support, and Surveyor 7 provided data froma contrasting rugged highland region. For more on the individual missions,select from the list below. The Surveyor 1 Mission The Surveyor 2 Mission The Surveyor 3 Mission The Surveyor 4 Mission The Surveyor 5 Mission The Surveyor 6 Mission The Surveyor 7 MissionEach spacecraft weighed 1000 kilograms at launch, was 3.3 meters high,and had a 4.5-meter diameter. The tripod structure of aluminum tubing providedmounting surfaces for scientific and engineering equipment. Onboard equipmentconsisted of a 3-meter-square solar panel that provided approximately 85-watt output, a main battery and 24-volt non-rechargeable battery that together yielded a 4090-watt total output, a planar array antenna, two omnidirectionalantennas, and a radar altimeter. The soft landing was achieved by the spacecraftfree falling to the lunar surface after the engines were turned off ata 3.5-meter altitude. Operations began shortly after landing.Surveyour Landing SitesSurveyor Landing SitesFour Surveyor spacecraft landed in the lunar maria near the equator.These sites were selected primarily because they were being consideredfor Apollo manned lunar landings. Surveyor 7, the last in the series, landedin the highland region close to Tycho Crater, a site chosen primarilyfor its scientific interest. The suitability of each site for making asafe landing was also evaluated as part of the site selection process.

The Scientific Investigations

In addition to the objectives of developing and validating the technologyfor landing softly on the Moon and providing data on the compatibilityof the Apollo spacecraft design with conditions on the lunar surface, theSurveyor program had the objective of adding to our scientific knowledgeof the Moon. Toward that end, the following investigations were performedby the Surveyor spacecraft (note that not all investigations were carriedout on every mission).Television ObservationsEach Surveyor spacecraft carried a television camera, and more than 86,00070-millimeter pictures were obtained at very high resolution (to 1 millimeter). This photography provided information on the nature of the surface terrain in the immediate vicinity of the spacecraft as well as the number, distribution, and sizes of the craters and boulders in the area. In addition to lunar terrain studies, the photography supported investigations of soil mechanics, magnetic properties, and composition of the surface material.Lunar Surface Mechanical PropertiesMechanical property estimates are the result of interpretations of landingtelemetry data and television pictures as noted above. Measurements fromstrain gauges mounted on the spacecraft landing gear were analyzed. Thesurface sampler, flown on Surveyor 3 and Surveyor 7, also obtained data on mechanicalproperties. To study soil erosion effects and to determine soil properties,the vernier engines and attitude jets were operated after the landingsand the results observed with the television camera.Lunar Surface Soil MechanicsThe soil mechanics investigation was performed by the surface samplercarried on Surveyor 3 and 7. The sampler proved to be an extremely versatileand useful piece of equipment. Using this device, operators performed anumber of bearing and impact tests and trenching operations. All theseoperations were monitored using the television camera, and photography ofthe results provided information for this investigation.Lunar Surface Temperature and Thermal CharacteristicsNone of the Surveyor spacecraft carried any instruments, as such, tomeasure lunar surface temperatures or thermal characteristics. However,there were temperature sensors on the outer surfaces of two electroniccompartments, on the solar panel, and on the planar array, which werehighly dependent on the local thermal radiation environment.Lunar Surface Electromagnetic PropertiesSurveyor 5, 6, and 7 had a magnet attached to one of the spacecraftfootpads to determine magnetic properties and composition of the soil.Surveyor 7 had additional magnets on a second footpad and the surface sampler.Photographs showing the amount of dust adhering to magnets indicated theamount of magnetic particles in the soil and allowed estimates of the lunarsoil compositions when compared with premission experiment photographsof magnets in terrestrial soils of various compositions. Alpha-Scattering Chemical AnalysisComposition of surface materials was also determined from data obtainedby the alpha-scattering instrument. This instrument was carried by Surveyor5, 6, and 7 to allow chemical analysis of the lunar surface material. The performanceof the alpha-scattering equipment and operational system during the threemissions was excellent. In all, six lunar samples were examined. The Surveyor5, 6, and 7 missions provided the first chemical analysis of lunar surfacematerial.

Program Summary

In summary, five Surveyor spacecraft landed successfully on the lunar surface.Four of these examined widely separated mare sites in the Moon’s equatorialbelt. The fifth investigated a region within the southern highlands. Fourspacecraft survived the extreme cold of the lunar night and operated formore than one day/night cycle. In total, the five spacecraft operated fora combined elapsed time of about 17 months, transmitted 87,000 pictures,performed 6 separate chemical analyses of surface and near-surface samples,dug into and otherwise manipulated and tested lunar material, measuredits mechanical properties, and obtained a wide variety of other data thatgreatly increased our knowledge of the Moon. Surveyor Program Information at NSSDC Top of Page | Back to Exploring the MoonExploring the Moon © Lunar and Planetary Institute (1998)Last modified: October 15, 2004
 

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spacecraft

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mission

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