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Dysprosium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ /**/ if (wgNotice != '') document.writeln(wgNotice); Dysprosium From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search "Dy" redirects here. For the Norwegian airline, see Norwegian Air Shuttle.66terbium ← dysprosium → holmium-↑Dy↓Cf Periodic Table - Extended Periodic TableGeneralName, Symbol, Numberdysprosium, Dy, 66Element categorylanthanidesGroup, Period, Blockn/a, 6, fAppearancesilvery white Standard atomic weight162.500(1) g·mol−1Electron configuration[Xe] 4f10 6s2Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2Physical propertiesPhasesolidDensity (near r.t.)8.540 g·cm−3Liquid density at m.p.8.37 g·cm−3Melting point1680 K(1407 °C, 2565 °F)Boiling point2840 K(2562 °C, 4653 °F)Heat of fusion11.06 kJ·mol−1Heat of vaporization280 kJ·mol−1Specific heat capacity(25 °C) 27.7 J·mol−1·K−1Vapor pressureP(Pa)1101001 k10 k100 kat T(K)13781523(1704)(1954)(2304)(2831)Atomic propertiesCrystal structurehexagonalOxidation states3(weakly basic oxide)Electronegativity1.22 (Pauling scale)Ionization energies(more)1st: 573.0 kJ·mol−12nd: 1130 kJ·mol−13rd: 2200 kJ·mol−1Atomic radius175 pmAtomic radius (calc.)228 pmMiscellaneousMagnetic orderingparamagnetic at r.t.,ferromagnetic underliquid nitrogenElectrical resistivity(r.t.) (α, poly) 926 nΩ·mThermal conductivity(300 K) 10.7 W·m−1·K−1Thermal expansion(r.t.) (α, poly)9.9 µm/(m·K)Speed of sound (thin rod)(20 °C) 2710 m/sYoung's modulus(α form) 61.4 GPaShear modulus(α form) 24.7 GPaBulk modulus(α form) 40.5 GPaPoisson ratio(α form) 0.247Vickers hardness540 MPaBrinell hardness500 MPaCAS registry number7429-91-6Most-stable isotopesMain article: Isotopes of dysprosiumisoNAhalf-lifeDMDE (MeV)DP154Dysyn3.0×106yα2.947150Gd156Dy0.06%156Dy is stable with 90 neutrons158Dy0.10%158Dy is stable with 92 neutrons160Dy2.34%160Dy is stable with 94 neutrons161Dy18.91%161Dy is stable with 95 neutrons162Dy25.51%162Dy is stable with 96 neutrons163Dy24.90%163Dy is stable with 97 neutrons164Dy28.18%164Dy is stable with 98 neutronsReferencesDysprosium (pronounced /dɪsˈproʊziəm/) is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66. It is a rare earth element with a metallic silver luster. Dysprosium is never found in nature as a free element, though it is found in various minerals, such as xenotime. Dysprosium has a single oxidation state, +3. Naturally occurring dysprosium is composed of 7 isotopes.Dysprosium was first identified in 1886 by Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran. It was not isolated in pure form until the development of ion exchange techniques in the 1950s. Dysprosium is used in making laser materials, control rods in nuclear reactors, and data storage devices. It is also a component of Terfenol-D. Dysprosium fires, which can be triggered by sparks or static electricity, cannot be put out by water.Contents1 History2 Characteristics2.1 Compounds2.2 Isotopes2.3 Occurrence3 Production4 Applications5 Precautions6 See also7 Notes8 External links//[edit] HistoryIn 1878, erbium ores were found to contain the oxides of two other rare earths: holmium and thulium. French chemist Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, while working with holmium oxide, separated dysprosium oxide from it in Paris in 1886.[1] His procedure for isolating the dysprosium involved dissolving dysprosium oxide in acid, then adding ammonia to precipitate the hydroxide. He was only able to isolate dysprosium from its oxide after more than 30 attempts at his procedure. Upon succeeding, he named the element dysprosium from the Greek dysprositos, meaning "hard to get". However, the element was not isolated in relatively pure form until after the development of ion exchange techniques by Frank Spedding at Iowa State University in the early 1950s.[2][edit] Characteristics  Dysprosium sampleDysprosium is a rare earth element that has a metallic, bright silver luster. It is soft enough to be cut with a knife, and can be machined without sparking if overheating is avoided. Dysprosium's physical characteristics can be greatly affected even by small amounts of impurities. It is relatively stable in air at room temperature, but it dissolves readily in dilute or concentrated mineral acids with the emission of hydrogen.[3] Dysprosium also reacts with water and the halogens at higher temperatures. Dysprosium and holmium have the highest magnetic strengths of the elements,[2] especially at low temperatures.[4][edit] CompoundsSee also: Dysprosium compoundsDysprosium has a single oxidation state, +3. The halides, such as DyF3 and DyBr3 tend to take on a yellow color. Dysprosium oxide, also known as dysprosia, is a white powder that is highly magnetic, more so than iron oxide.[4] It results from the following chemical reaction:[5]4Dy + 3O2 → 2Dy2O3Dysprosium carbonate, Dy2(CO3)3, and dysprosium sulfate, Dy2(SO4)3, result from similar reactions.[5] Most dysprosium compounds are soluble in water, though dysprosium carbonate tetrahydrate (Dy2(CO3)3•4H2O) and dysprosium oxalate decahydrate (Dy2(C2O4)3•10H2O) are both insoluble in water.[6][7][edit] IsotopesMain article: Isotopes of dysprosiumNaturally occurring dysprosium is composed of 7 isotopes: 156Dy, 158Dy, 160Dy, 161Dy, 162Dy, 163Dy, and 164Dy. These are all considered stable, although 156Dy decays by alpha decay with a half-life of over 1×1018 years. Of the naturally occurring isotopes, 164Dy is the most abundant at 28%, followed by 162 at 25%. The least abundant is 156Dy at .06%.[8]29 radioisotopes have also been synthesized, ranging in atomic mass from 138 to 173. The most stable of these is 154Dy with a half-life of approximately 3×106 years, followed by 159Dy with a half-life of 144.4 days. The least stable is 138Dy with a half-life of 200 ms. Isotopes that are lighter than the stable isotopes tend to decay primarily by β+ decay, while those that are heavier tend to decay by β- decay, with some exceptions. 154Dy decays primarily by alpha decay, and 152Dy and 159Dy decay primarily by electron capture.[8] Dysprosium also has at least 11 metastable isomers, ranging in atomic mass from 140 to 165. The most stable of these is 165mDy, which has a half-life of 1.257 minutes. 149Dy has two excitation states. The second, 149m2Dy, has a half-life of 28 ns.[8][edit] OccurrenceDysprosium is never encountered as a free element, but is found in many minerals, including xenotime, fergusonite, gadolinite, euxenite, polycrase, blomstrandine, monazite and bastnäsite; often with erbium and holmium or other rare earth elements. Currently, most dysprosium is being obtained from the ion-adsorption clay ores of southern China. In the high-yttrium version of these, dysprosium happens to be the most abundant of the heavy lanthanides, comprising up to 7–8% of the concentrate (as compared to about 65% for yttrium).[9][10]Dysprosium has no known biological role. It is unknown how much dysprosium there is in the average human body. It is estimated that the daily intake for a human is as small as a few micrograms. Based on the other lanthanides, dysprosium levels would be highest in bone tissue, though smaller amounts would also be present in the liver and kidneys. Dysprosium is not absorbed by plant roots, so very little gets into the main food chain.[2][edit] ProductionDysprosium is obtained primarily from monazite sand, a mixture of various phosphates. Most of the unwanted metals can be removed magnetically or by a flotation process. Dysprosium can be separated from other rare earth metals by an ion exchange displacement process. The resulting dysprosium ions can then react with either fluorine or chlorine to form dysprosium fluoride, DyF3, or dysprosium chloride, DyCl3. These compounds can be reduced using either calcium or lithium metals in the following reactions:[5]3Ca + 2DyF3 → 2Dy + 3CaF23Li + DyCl3 → Dy + 3LiClThe components are placed in a tantalum crucible and fired in a helium atmosphere. As the reaction progresses, the resulting halide compounds and molten dysprosium separate due to differences in density. When the mixture cools, the dysprosium can be cut away from the impurities.[5][edit] ApplicationsDysprosium is used, in conjunction with vanadium and other elements, in making laser materials. Because of dysprosium's high thermal neutron absorption cross-section, dysprosium oxide-nickel cermets, are used in neutron-absorbing control rods in nuclear reactors.[11] Dysprosium-cadmium chalcogenides are sources of infrared radiation for studying chemical reactions.[3] Because dysprosium and its compounds are highly susceptible to magnetization, they are employed in various data storage applications, such as in compact discs.[12]Neodymium-iron-boron magnets can have up to 6% of the neodymium substituted with dysprosium[13] to raise the coercivity for demanding applications such as drive motors for hybrid electric vehicles. This substitution would require up to 100 grams of dysprosium per hybrid car produced. Based on Toyota's projected 2 million units per year, the use of dysprosium in applications such as this would quickly exhaust the available supply.[14] The dysprosium also improves the corrosion resistance of the magnets.[15]Dysprosium is one of the components of Terfenol-D, along with iron and terbium. Terfenol-D has the highest room-temperature magnetoresistance of any known material;[16] this property is employed in transducers, wide-band mechanical resonators,[17] and high-precision liquid fuel injectors.[18]Dysprosium is used in dosimeters for measuring ionizing radiation. Crystals of calcium sulfate or calcium fluoride are doped with dysprosium. When these crystals are exposed to radiation, the dysprosium atoms become excited and luminescent. The luminescence can be measured to determine the degree of exposure to which the dosimeter has been subjected.[2][edit] PrecautionsLike many powders, dysprosium powder may present an explosion hazard when mixed with air and when an ignition source is present. Thin foils of the substance can also be ignited by sparks or by static electricity. Dysprosium fires cannot be put out by water. It can react with water to produce flammable hydrogen gas.[19] Dysprosium chloride fires, however, can be extinguished with water,[20] while dysprosium fluoride and dysprosium oxide are non-flammable.[21][22] Dysprosium nitrate, Dy(NO3)3, is a strong oxidizing agent. It will readily ignite upon contact with organic substances.[4]Soluble dysprosium salts, such as dysprosium chloride and dysprosium nitrate, are mildly toxic when ingested. The insoluble salts, however, are non-toxic. Based on the toxicity of dysprosium chloride to mice, it is estimated that the ingestion of 500 grams or more could be fatal to a human.[2][edit] See alsoMaterials science[edit] Notes^ Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1886). "L'holmine (ou terre X de M Soret ) contient au moins deux radicaux métallique (Holminia contains at least two metal)" (in French). Comptes Rendus 143: 1003–1006, http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3058f/f1001.chemindefer. ^ a b c d e Emsley, John (2001). Nature's Building Blocks. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 129-132. ISBN 0-19-850341-5. ^ a b (2007–2008) "Dysprosium", in Lide, David R.: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 4. New York: CRC Press, 11. 978-0-8493-0488-0. ^ a b c Krebs, Robert E. (1998). "Dysprosium", The History and Use of our Earth's Chemical Elements. Greenwood Press, 234–235. ^ a b c d Heiserman, David L. (1992). Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds. TAB Books, 236–238. ^ Perry, D. L. (1995). Handbook of Inorganic Compounds. CRC Press, 152–154. ISBN 0-8492-8671-3. ^ Jantsch, G.; Ohl, A. (1911). "Zur Kenntnis der Verbindungen des Dysprosiums". Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 44 (2): 1274–1280. doi:10.1002/cber.19110440215. ^ a b c Audi, G. (2003). "Nubase2003 Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties". Nuclear Physics A (Atomic Mass Data Center) 729: 3–128. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. ^ Naumov, A. V. (2008). "Review of the World Market of Rare-Earth Metals". Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals 49 (1): 14–22, http://www.springerlink.com/content/y8925j378w4u4175/. ^ Gupta, C. K. (2005). Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths. CRC Press. ISBN 9780415333405. ^ Amit, Sinha; Beant Prakash, Sharma (2005). "Development of Dysprosium Titanate Based Ceramics". Journal of the American Ceramic Society 88 (4): 1064–1066. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00211.x. ^ (2004) in Lagowski, J. J.: Chemistry Foundations and Applications 2. Thomson Gale, 267–268. ISBN 0-02-865724-1. ^ Shi, Fang, X.; Jiles, Y. (1998). "Modeling of magnetic properties of heat treated Dy-doped NdFeBparticles bonded in isotropic and anisotropic arrangements". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 34 (4): 1291–1293. doi:10.1109/20.706525. ^ Campbell, Peter (February 2008). "Supply and Demand, Part 2". Princeton Electro-Technology, Inc..^ Yu, L. Q.; Wen, Y. H.; Yan, M. (2004). "Effects of Dy and Nb on the magnetic properties and corrosion resistance of sintered NdFeB". Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 283 (2-3): 353–356. doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2004.06.006. ^ "What is Terfenol-D?". ETREMA Products, Inc. (2003). Retrieved on 2008-11-06.^ Kellogg, Rick; Flatau, Alison (May 2004). "Wide Band Tunable Mechanical Resonator Employing the ΔE Effect of Terfenol-D". Journal of Intelligent Material Systems & Structures (Sage Publications, Ltd) 15 (5): 355–368. doi:10.1177/1045389X04040649. ^ Leavitt, Wendy (February 2000). "Take Terfenol-D and call me". Fleet Owner (RODI Power Systems Inc) 95 (2): 97, http://0-search.ebscohost.com.ilsprod.lib.neu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=2869368&site=ehost-live. Retrieved on 6 November 2008. ^ Dierks, Steve (January 2003). "Dysprosium". Material Safety Data Sheets. Electronic Space Products International. Retrieved on 2008-10-20.^ Dierks, Steve (January 1995). "Dysprosium Chloride". Material Safety Data Sheets. Electronic Space Products International. Retrieved on 2008-11-07.^ Dierks, Steve (December 1995). "Dysprosium Fluoride". Material Safety Data Sheets. Electronic Space Products International. Retrieved on 2008-11-07.^ Dierks, Steve (November 1988). "Dysprosium Oxide". Material Safety Data Sheets. Electronic Space Products International. Retrieved on 2008-11-07.[edit] External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to:Dysprosium Look up dysprosium inWiktionary, the free dictionary.WebElements.com – DysprosiumIt's Elemental – DysprosiumLos Alamos National Laboratory – Dysprosiumv • d • ePeriodic tableH HeLiBe BCNOFNeNaMg AlSiPSClArKCa ScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKrRbSr YZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuHfTaWReOsIrPtAuHgTlPbBiPoAtRnFrRaAcThPaUNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLrRfDbSgBhHsMtDsRgUubUutUuqUupUuhUusUuoUueUbn Alkali metalsAlkaline earth metalsLanthanoidsActinoidsTransition metalsOther metalsMetalloidsOther nonmetalsHalogensNoble gasesRetrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysprosium" Categories: Chemical elements | Lanthanides | Ferromagnetic materials Views Article Discussion Edit this page History Personal tools Log in / create account if (window.isMSIE55) fixalpha(); Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Interaction About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Donate to Wikipedia Help Toolbox What links here Related changesUpload fileSpecial pages Printable version Permanent linkCite this page Languages العربية বাংলা Беларуская Bosanski Català Česky Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Furlan Gaelg 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lojban Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk (bokmål) Norsk (nynorsk) Occitan Polski Português Русский Seeltersk Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / Srpski Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文   This page was last modified on 18 November 2008, at 03:31. 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