| Visual_Elements__Sulfur Image, general and physical information, source, uses, key isotopes, and ionisation energies. |
| WebElements__Sulfur Extensive information on history, uses, occurrence, compounds, and properties of the element. |
| Wikipedia__Sulfur Properties of the element, including its history, applications, and characteristics. |
| Radiochemistry_of_Sulfur Full text of the monograph by G. W. Leddicotte (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee). [PDF] (February, 1962) |
| Apsidium__Hassium Basic information and atomic structure. |
| ChemicalElements_com__Hassium Basic information, diagram of atomic structure, and facts. |
| Chemistry_of_Hassium,_Element_108 Article regarding a study conducted at the Berkeley National Laboratory. |
| EnvironmentalChemistry_com__Hassium Atomic structure and table of nuclides. |
| It\'s_Elemental__Hassium Basic physical and historical information. |
| LANL__Hassium Basic information and history. |
| Lenntech__Hassium Basic data. |
| Visual_Elements__Hassium General and physical information, and key isotopes. |
| WebElements__Hassium Information on history, isolation, and properties. |
| Wikipedia__Hassium Basic physical and historical information. |
| Acta_Horticulturae_Online Online books and articles of the magazine "Acta Horticulturae". Full text only accessible for ISHS members or by payment. |
| HortScience Samples of articles containing original research, reviewing problems and developments, and papers presented at workshops. |
| Journal_of_Applied_Horticulture Includes news, horticultural links, and online articles. |
| Journal_of_the_Professional_Association_for_Cactus_Development Articles cover scientific and industry news concerning growing cacti. Topics include research, marketing ideas, and information for growers. Page includes archived issues and submitting guidelines. |
| (Belgium)_University_of_Gent Clifford Research Group. Includes contact details and a list of publications. |
| (UK)_University_of_Cambridge_ Geometric Algebra Research Group. Includes a list of group members, links to relevant articles and a set of course materials, list of publications and links to relevant conferences and other sites. |
| Center_for_Applied_Nursery_Research Performs needs-driven research for the green industry in an operational nursery setting in Georgia. Overview of current projects and past results, staff, and event calendar. |
| Commercial_Boxwood_Production North Carolina State University factsheet. Propagation information and nursery practice. |
| Germination_Requirements_-_Perennials Document in PDF format listing the germination requirements and duration for several hundred perennials, sorted to genus level. [PDF] |
| Plant_Production Collection of articles on plant production, equipment, and nursery practices, with illustrations. University of Florida IFAS Extension. |
| Rooting_Data_Base Online resource listing the rooting methods for hundreds of woody plant species. Searchable, alphabetically organized list. |
| Seed_Propagation_-_The_Basics Course notes for a class at Stephen F. Austin State University covering both basic and more advanced concepts in seed germination. [PDF] |
| Texas_A&M__Nursery/Floral_Crops Provides information on topics such as different types of structures, heating requirements, irrigation and fertilisation requirements for plants growing in greenhouses. |
| US_Davis__Rooting_Database Provides propagation information, including required chemicals and timetables, for various species. |
| Washington_State_University,_Cooperative_Extension_-_Trees_and_Shrubs Propagating deciduous and evergreen shrubs, trees and vines with stem cuttings. |
| Weed_Control_in_Nursery_Crops Discussions on weed control, weed identification, and herbicide management in nursery crops. From Oregon State University. |
| Woody_Plant_Seed_Manual Provides comprehensive information relating to the biology of tree and shrub seeds, including genetic improvement and germination. |
| Backcountry_Navigation Describes how to use a compass and a topographical map to navigate cross country. |
| The_Bushwalker\'s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy Describes techniques that don't require a GPS or compass. |
| Electronic_Compass Sells magnetic sensor technology for cars, boats, bicycles, and hikers. |
| GORP_-_Getting_Found_-_How_to_Navigate_the_Backcountry An excerpt from Survival in the 90s by Bob Newman. |
| How_To_Use_a_Compass How to use a compass in several lessons plus how to navigate in poor visibility and how to navigate without a compass. Suggested exercises. Tips on buying a compass. |
| Map_and_Compass_Fundamentals Covers the background and history of navigation plus techniques including navigating around obstacles and dead reckoning. |
| Navigation_Technologies Maker of digital maps for vehicular navigation. About the company and their products. |
| OA_Guide_to_Map_and_Compass An excerpt from The Backpackers Field Manual by Rick Curtis, including reference tables, illustrations and real life examples. |
| Reading_Topographic_Maps Online manual on map reading and land navigation based on US Army training materials which includes instructions on maps, compasses and other navigational aids. |
sitepage = "environmentalchemistry.com/chemistry";
DisplayAds("Top");
Environmental, Chemistry & Hazardous Materials News, Careers & Resources
_qacct="p-41P5aRp8Yyk_Q";quantserve();
Skip to page contentSkip to ad free user log inSkip to site menu on this page
Spanish: AzufreSwedish:
Svavel
Atomic Structure of Sulfur
Atomic Radius: 1.09Å
Atomic Volume: 15.5cm3/mol
Covalent Radius: 1.02Å
Cross Section (Thermal Neutron Capture) 
a/barns: 0.53
Crystal Structure: Orthorhombic
Electron Configuration:1s2
2s2p6
3s2p4
Electrons per Energy Level: 2,8,6
Shell Model
Ionic Radius: 0.37Å
Filling Orbital: 3p4
Number of Electrons (with no charge): 16
Number of Neutrons (most common/stable nuclide): 16
Number of Protons: 16
Oxidation States: ±2,4,6
Valence Electrons: 3s2p4
Electron Dot Model
Chemical Properties of Sulfur
Electrochemical Equivalent: 0.299g/amp-hr
Electron Work Function:
Electronegativity: 2.58 (Pauling); 2.44 (Allrod Rochow)
Heat of Fusion: 1.7175kJ/mol
Incompatibilities:
Ionization PotentialFirst: 10.36Second: 23.33Third: 34.83
Valence Electron Potential (-eV): 160
Physical Properties of Sulfur
Atomic Mass Average: 32.066
Boiling Point: 717.9K 444.75°C 832.55°F
Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion/K-1: 74.33E-6
ConductivityElectrical: 5.0E-24 106/cm 
Thermal: 0.00269
W/cmK
Density: 2.07g/cc @ 300K
Description:Solid pale yellow non-metal that is stable in air and water but burns if heated.
Elastic Modulus:Bulk: 7.7/GPa
Enthalpy of Atomization: 278.7 kJ/mole @ 25°C
Enthalpy of Fusion: 1.72 kJ/mole
Enthalpy of Vaporization: 9.62 kJ/mole
Flammablity Class:
Freezing Point: see melting point
Hardness ScaleMohs: 2
Heat of Vaporization: kJ/mol
Melting Point: 388.51K 115.36°C 239.65°F
Molar Volume: 15.5 cm3/mole
Optical Refractive Index: 1.001111
Physical State (at 20°C & 1atm): Solid
Specific Heat: 0.71J/gK
Vapor Pressure = 2.65E-20Pa@115.36°C
Regulatory / Health
CAS Number
7704-34-9
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)No limits set by OSHA
OSHA PEL Vacated 1989No limits set by OSHA
NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL)No limits set by NIOSH
Levels In Humans:Note: this data represents naturally occuring levels of elements in the typical human, it DOES NOT represent recommended daily allowances.Blood/mg dm-3: 1800Bone/p.p.m: 500-2400Liver/p.p.m: 7000-12000Muscle/p.p.m: 5000-11000Daily Dietary Intake: 850-930 mgTotal Mass In
Avg. 70kg human: 140 g
Discovery Year: UnknownName Origin:Latin: sulphurium (brimstone), Sanskrit sulvere
Abundance of Sulfur:Earth's Crust/p.p.m.: 260
Seawater/p.p.m.: 870
Atmosphere/p.p.m.: N/A
Sun (Relative to H=1E12): 1.6E+07
Sources of Sulfur:Found in pure form and in ores like cinnabar, galena, sphalerite and stibnite. Also recovered from H2S of natural gas. Annual world production is around 54,000,000 tons. Primary mining areas are USA and Spain.
Uses of Sulfur:Used in matches, gunpowder, fireworks, batteries, vulcanization of rubber, medicines, permanent wave lotion and pesticides. Also for making sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
Additional Notes:
[Last update: 2/22/2007]Notes below
sitepage = "environmentalchemistry.com/chemistry";
DisplayAds("Right1");
Sulfur Menu
Sulfur Page One
Overview of Sulfur
Sulfur's Name in Other Languages
Atomic Structure of Sulfur
Chemical Properties of Sulfur
Physical Properties of Sulfur
Regulatory / Health
Who/When/Where/How
Sulfur Page Two
Nuclides / Isotopes
Potential Parent Nuclides
Sulfur Page Three
Common Chemical Compounds of Sulfur
Related Resources
Anatomy of the Atom
Answers many questions regarding the structure of atoms.
Molarity, Molality and Normality
Introduces stoichiometry and explains the differences between molarity, molality and normality.
Molar Mass Calculations and Javascript Calculator
Molar mass calculations are explained and there is a JavaScript calculator to aid calculations.
Chemical Database
This database focuses on the most common chemical compounds used in the home and industry.
Citing this page
If you need to cite this page, you can copy this text:
Kenneth Barbalace. Periodic Table of Elements - Sulfur – S. EnvironmentalChemistry.com. 1995 - 2009. Accessed on-line: 1/8/2009http://EnvironmentalChemistry.com/yogi/periodic/S.html.
Linking to this page
If you would like to link to this page from your website, blog, etc., copy and paste this link code (in red) and modify it to suit your needs:
<a href="http://EnvironmentalChemistry.com/yogi/periodic/S.html"> Periodic Table of Elements: Sulfur – S (EnvironmentalChemistry.com)</a> - Comprehensive information for the element Sulfur – S is provided by this page including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides and technical terms are linked to their definitions..
NOTICE: While linking to articles is encouraged, OUR ARTICLES MAY NOT BE COPIED TO OR REPUBLISHED ON ANOTHER WEBSITE UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES.
PLEASE, if you like an article we published simply link to it on our website do not republish it.
USDOT HazMat Placards CD & training modulesExceptions, Exemptions and VariancesFMCSA HazMat Transportion Permit SystemEducators
This website is a great teaching resource!! Pages are printer friendly, making them easy to use as classroom handouts.
Notes about using this site in the classroom.
Trying to find highly qualified professionals? Post your job openings at CareerBuilder.
