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Cladocera - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ /**/ if (wgNotice != '') document.writeln(wgNotice); Cladocera From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Cladocera Bythotrephes cederestroemiiScientific classificationKingdom:AnimaliaPhylum:ArthropodaSubphylum:CrustaceaClass:BranchiopodaOrder:CladoceraLatreille, 1829FamiliesSuborder AnomopodaDaphniidaeMoinidaeBosminidaeMacrothricidaeChydoridaeSuborder CtenopodaSididaeHolopedidaeSuborder OnychopodaPolyphemidaeCercopagidaePodonidaeSuborder HaplopodaLeptodoridae  Thoracic appendages of a water flea Trunk limbs of Cladocera Wikispecies has information related to:CladoceraCladocera or cladocerans are small crustaceans commonly called water fleas, part of the Class Branchiopoda. They form a monophyletic group, which is currently divided into 4 suborders, 11 families, 80 genera, and about 400 species. The most commonly known genus is Daphnia (freshwater water fleas), which is the most researched in this group; Daphnia is commonly used to test the toxicity of chemicals in solution or for water pollution.Contents1 Anatomy2 Taxonomy3 References4 External links//[edit] Anatomy Cladoceran anatomyCladocera are free-swimming organisms, and most orientate themselves with dorsal side up. They have a two-valved carapace covering most of the body except the appendages. In some families, the carapace only covers the brood pouch area. The head is typically separated from the body by a deep indentation, but also may not be separated. It projects forward as a beak or rostrum. On the forehead is an unpaired compound eye, a result of two fused eyes, and, in most species, a simple naupliar eye.The number of ommatidia that make up the compound eye varies from species to species according to their food preferences. The plankton-filtering Daphnia has an eye of only 22 ommatidia, while the carnivorous Evadne and Leptodora have 80 and 300, respectively. The eyesight of carnivorous water fleas plays an important role in catching food. The first pair of antennae that contains sensory organs is quite small and is attached to the rostrum. The second pair, however, is disproportionably large compared to the body. They have two branches, and both branches bear long, feathery bristles. The second pair of antennae is the primary organ of locomotion and catching food in water fleas. In many species the two pairs of antennae are attached to each other. Sweeping both antennae downward simultaneously, the crustaceans swim by making short jumps. On the lower side of the head is the mouth, surrounded by the upper lip in front, the mandibles at the sides, and the maxillae (jaws) at the back.The thorax of water fleas is very short and consists of 4 to 6 segments. In females, there is a large space between the back and the dorsal side of the carapace that functions as a brood pouch. The eggs are laid into the pouch and develop there. In carnivorous water fleas the shell is reduced in size, leaving most of the body exposed, and is attached to the dorsal side[1]; in these species it is only used as a brood pouch.The structure of the thoracic legs is varied according to food preferences. These legs are generally similar to those of fairy, tadpole and clam shrimps. In most cladoceran crustaceans they are used to filter small particles of food suspended in water, which they eat. Accordingly the lobes of the legs are equipped with numerous feathery bristles, which together make up the filtering apparatus. The legs sweep 300-500 times a minute.Most species also have a tail, or spiny projection of the carapace, while some have hairs projecting. Only a few groups have "true tails" that are segmented and are a projection of the body instead of the carapace.[1][edit] TaxonomyOrder Cladocera Latreille, 1829Suborder AnomopodaFamily Daphniidae Straus, 1820Ceriodaphnia Dana, 1853Daphnia Müller 1785Daphniopsis Sars, 1903Megafenestra Dumont & Pensaert, 1983Simocephalus Schödler, 1858Scapholeberis Schödler, 1858Family Moinidae Goulden, 1968Moina Baird, 1850Moinodaphnia Herrick, 1887Family Bosminidae Baird, 1846Bosmina Baird, 1846 (includes Bosmina longirostris)Bosminopsis Richard, 1895Family Macrothricidae Norman & Brady, 1867Acantholeberis Lilljeborg, 1846Bunops Birge, 1893Drepanothrix Sars, 1862Grimaldina Richard, 1892Guernella Richard, 1892Iheringula Sars, 1900Ilyocryptus Sars, 1862Lathonura Lilljeborg, 1853Macrothrix Baird, 1843Ophryoxus Sars, 1862Parophryoxus Doolittle, 1909Pseudomoina Sars, 1912Streblocerus Sars, 1862Wlassicsia Daday, 1904Family Neothricidae Dumont & Silva-Briano, 1998Neothrix Gurney, 1927Family Chydoridae Stebbing, 1902Acroperus Baird, 1843Alona Baird, 1843Alonella Sars, 1862Alonopsis Sars, 1862Anchistropus Sars, 1862Archepleuroxus Smirnov & Timms, 1983Armatalona Sinev, 2004Australochydorus Smirnov & Timms, 1983Australospilus Smirnov, 2001BryospilusCamptocercus Baird, 1843Celsinotum Frey, 1991Chydorus Leach, 1816Dadaya Sars, 1901Disparalona Sars, 1862Dunhevedia King, 1853Ephemeroporus Frey, 1982Euryalona Sars, 1901Eurycercus Baird, 1843Graptolebris Sars, 1862Karualona Dumont & Silva-Briano, 2000Kurzia Dybowski & Grochowski, 1894Leberis Smirnov, 1989Leydigia Kurz, 187Miralona Sinev, 2004Monope Smirnov & Timms, 1983Monospilus Sars, 1862Notoalona Rajapaksa & Fernando, 1987Oxyurella Dybowski & Grochowski, 1894Paralona Šráhek-Hušek, 1962Picripleurocus Frey, 1993Phrixura P. E. Müller, 1867Planicirclus Frey, 1991Pleuroxus Baird, 1843Plurispina Frey, 1991Pseudochydorus Fryer, 1968Pseudomonospilus Smirnov, 2001Rak Smirnov & Timms, 1983Rhynchotalona Norman, 1903Spinalona Ciros-Perez & Elias-Gutierrez, 1997Tretocephala Frey, 1965Family Sayciidae Frey, 1967Saycia Sars, 1904Suborder CtenopodaFamily Sididae Baird, 1850Diaphanosoma Fischer, 1850Latona Straus, 1820Latonopsis Sars, 1888Penilia Dana, 1849Pseudosida Herrick, 1884Sarsilatona Korovchinsky, 1985Sida Straus, 1820Family Holopedidae Sars, 1865Holopedium Zaddach, 1855Suborder OnychopodaFamily Polyphemidae Baird, 1845Polyphemus Linnaeus, 1758Family Cercopagidae Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, 1966 Cercopagis (upper) and Bythotrephes (lower).Bythotrephes Leydig, 1860Cercopagis Sars, 1897Family Podonidae Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, 1968Caspievadne Behning, 1941Cornigerius Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, 1967Evadne Lovén, 1836Pleopsis Dana, 1852Podon Lilljeborg, 1853Podonevadne Gibitz, 1922Suborder HaplopodaFamily Leptodoridae Lilljeborg, 1861Leptodora Lilljeborg, 1861[edit] References^ L. A. Zenkevich. The Animal Life (Zhizn' Zhivotnykh), Volume 2. Chapter 7 - Phylum Arthropoda.Dumont, Henri J., Negrea, Stefan V. - Branchiopoda, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 2002[edit] External linksWaterflea.org: a Community resource for cladoceran biologyCladocera Order - Guide to the Marine Zooplankton of south eastern AustraliaRetrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladocera" Categories: Branchiopoda | Freshwater crustaceans Views Article Discussion Edit this page History Personal tools Log in / create account if (window.isMSIE55) fixalpha(); Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Interaction About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Donate to Wikipedia Help Toolbox What links here Related changesUpload fileSpecial pages Printable version Permanent linkCite this page Languages Català Česky Eesti Español فارسی Français ქართული Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk (bokmål) Polski Русский   This page was last modified on 18 October 2008, at 13:32. 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