About site: Chemistry/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - Testing of NMR and MRI Console Electronics

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Title: Chemistry/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - Testing of NMR and MRI Console Electronics NMR and MRI console electronics can test themselves to a large degree, and such a test has been implemented.

The_Wired_Chemist Includes an introduction to chemistry, lecture notes and quizzes for students, data tables, and molecular images. With NMR tables and information for the beginner.

Aalto_Scientific,_Ltd_ Offers login for ordering enzymes, other proteins, human sera for in vitro diagnostics, OEM and quality control, from manufacturer in San Marcos, CA.

Active_Motif Develops cell biology-based research tools and biocomputing resources to determine functions and interactions of proteins. Catalog and technical data sheets available for download.

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Apollo_Scientific,_Ltd_ Antibiotics, buffers and fluorochemicals available from manufacturing and trading company at Stockport, England.

AthenaES Products and services to improve the production and recovery of recombinant proteins, including expression media and speciality enzymes. Features on-line ordering and worldwide distributors.

Bender_MedSystems_GmbH_ Online resource for biomedical research and diagnostics for exploration of immunological, pathological and disease markers. Includes ELISA by species for cytokines and receptors, tables of cross react

Berry_and_Associates,_Inc_ Offers nucleosides, nucleoside phosphoramidites, fluorescent markers, biotins, and other tools for biomedical research. Includes searchable catalog and profile of company in Dexter, Michigan.

Biochemicals_and_Reagents Searchable resource relating chemicals to their biological application, safety data, organized into categories such as antibodies, peptides, pharmaceuticals and vitamins. Online ordering by login from

Biochemicals_net Offers search, FAQ and technical support for biological scientific research, from a division of A.G. Scientific, Inc. in San Diego, California.

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Biomol_Research_Laboratories_Inc_ Offers catalog, specifications, MSDS and contacts for distributors worldwide, with online ordering from Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania.

BioSure,_Inc_ Manufacturer of biological standards, controls and reagents for flow cytometry, immunocytometry, and nucleic acid research in Grass Valley, California.

Boston_BioProducts_Inc_ Supplies for protein analysis, immunology and histology. Offers custom synthesis and purification for cloning, mutagenesis, expression and ELISA development in Worcester, Massachusetts.

Citifluor_Ltd_ Offers immunofluorescence reagents for mounting media and immunoassays containing anti-bleaching agents to prevent the breakdown of fluorochromes. Product details and online ordering from London, UK.

Diagnostic_Chemicals,_Ltd_ Reagents for medical diagnosis and therapy, including enzyme kits, veterinary diagnostics, custom manufacture, with ISO9001 quality assurance. Offices in Connecticut and Mexico, headquartered in Prin

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Epicentre_Biotechnologies Reagents and kits for genomics, proteomics, and RNA research from Madison, Wisconsin.

Express_Biotech_International Products include catalog for cytokine arrays, direct telomerase detection assays, geldanamycin, mice and rat assays and retroviral antibodies. Offers custom cDNA expression libraries, from Thurmont, M

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Glen_Research Reagents for chemical synthesis of DNA and RNA oligonucleotides. Features trimer phosphoramidites and solid supports. Includes product details and downloadable catalog from Sterling, Virginia

Globozymes Offers enzymes and signal transduction proteins, initiating factors, antibodies and kits from Carlsbad, California.

Glyko-Tools_for_Glycobiology Est. 1990 to supply reagents for glycoconjugate, glycoprotein, glycolipid and glycosaminoglycan analysis. Now administered by ProZyme, San Leandro, CA.

Hanomy_LLC_ Makes nitrocellulose membranes to service the biotechnology and life science research. Includes protocol for western blotting, and lists other lateral flow, and flow through applications. Located in C

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OYC_International,_Inc_ Manufacturer of enzymes, coenzymes, antibodies, and recombinant proteins as nutriceuticals and OEM reagents. Lists biochemicals, ordering details and contacts in Andover, Massachusetts.

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Princeton_Separations,_Inc_ Specialist supplier of kits for cleanup in labeling reactions for DNA fragment recovery, and for endopeptidases specific for arginine-C, glutamic-C, lysine-C. Includes support FAQ and contacts for Ade

ProZyme Specialist in proteins and enzymes for diagnostics and research. FAQ on biotin binding, fluorescence and glycobiology products. Contacts for distributors worldwide and their head office in San Leandro

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Robert G Testing of NMR and MRI Console Electronics (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Robert Gilchrist Huenemann, M.S.E.E. 120 Harbern Way Hollister, CA 95023 (831) 635-0786 January 26, 2006 Between 1971 and 1973, I was the principal engineer for the Hewlett-Packard 9540 Transceiver Test System. The 9540 used the then new HP 8660 RF signal generator, and HP was having some difficulty manufacturing this unit. Since the 9540 also included an HP 432 power meter and an HP 5326 frequency counter, I found it advantageous to write an automated test for the 8660, and eventually for other parts of the 9540 system as well. This allowed me to quickly return defective instruments to the various HP manufacturing divisions, with a detailed listing of their failures. Between 1973 and 1980, I was employed in avionics maintenance support at United Airlines. While there, I developed an automated system for recovering VOR (very high frequency omnirange) bearing angles from the Fourier transform of a digitized VOR signal. These two experiences came together in 1990 when I interviewed for a manufacturing test engineering position at Varian NMRI. It was immediately apparent that NMR and MRI console (and magnet leg) electronics are ideally suited to an automated selftest process. I suggested the development of such a test, and was hired to do this development. These tests are now in use on the Varian Inova, Mercury and InfinityPlus product lines, and they have been developed to the point that they incorporate thousands of test steps which verify the proper operation of every part of these products. They are the only system level tests used by Varian in the manufacture of these products, other than a short initial diagnostic sequence which verifies that the host computer can communicate with the acquisition computer. No NMR tests are done on Varian NMR consoles until they reach the customer, and the many NMR magnets which were formerly used by Varian for console test have been eliminated, for a cost savings of several millions of dollars. The selftest verifies every gain and level step, every phase angle down to 0.25 degrees, all modulation waveforms, and a select group of frequencies chosen to verify each of the frequency programming bits. It verifies all shim and PFG currents, and all waveform generator outputs, using a small data acquisition system. The only other test equipment required is a set of low power RF power dividers and attenuators. The test is semi-automatic in that it requires an operator to make various system connections, and to insert appropriate values of attenuators into signal paths. However, approximately half of the test steps are made with one single set of connections that includes every system signal path, such that this part of the test can be run repeatedly until interrupted. This portion of the test is typically run for 24 hours or more and has proven invaluable in identifying intermittent failures, which are of course the most expensive failures to remedy in the field. Such failures have essentially been eliminated from the Varian product line. Many of the required test steps were apparent to me, based on my previous experience. However, I also have read every Varian installation report for the past decade. Occasionally, a failure at installation has identified additional test possibilities. This and the introduction of various features such as multiple receivers and coordinate rotation has led to the present exhaustive sequence of thousands of individual test steps. The tests include a simple user interface that allows the operator to stop on failures, to repeat tests for troubleshooting purposes and to enter information for the system records. These records include a summary of system failures and a complete record of all system tests. Finally, one small but crucial detail: To implement an automated selftest of an NMR system, it is necessary to turn on both the transmitters and receivers simultaneously. I started the Varian project with the Gemini product line, which included hardware gates that turned off the observe transmitter during an acquisition. They could only be circumvented by rerouting soldered connections. The decouplers gates were not hard wired to the receiver, so I was able to write extensive tests for the decouplers. While this allowed me to convincingly demonstrate the concept, it was not practical to do this unsoldering and resoldering in production. As a direct result of this demonstration on the Gemini, the Varian Inova, Mercury and InfinityPlus product lines were developed with gates that allow all transmitters and receivers to be turned on simultaneously, including the observe and lock channels. Every one of these individual gates is accessible for test purposes. Of course, this level of gate control is available only by means of special instructions that are not provided to NMR customers. NMR and MRI Selftest � Some Details I can help you to make your manufacturing tests more comprehensive, and I would appreciate an opportunity to discuss this matter at your convenience. I would also appreciate it if you would forward this information to anyone else who might find it to be of interest. You can reach me at the e-mail link on my home page. Resume

NMR	and	MRI	console
electronics	can	test	themselves	to
a	large	degree,	and	such
a	test	has	been	implemented.

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Testing of NMR and MRI Console Electronics 2008 November

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NMR and MRI console electronics can test themselves to a large degree, and such a test has been implemented.

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