Welcome to www.expanding-earth.org!
1-Proof of Expansion
2-Subduction's Fatal Flaw
3-Plate Tectonics
4-Subduction's Problems
5-Opening Salvo
6-New Views of Earth
7-Expansion History
8-Earlier Debate
9-Expansion Evidence
10-Accretion of Mass
11-Related Evidence
12-Midocean Ridges
13-Hydrosphere
14-Conclusions
15-Join CEEEXCHANGE
16-Original Members
17-Current Members
18-Current Comments
19-Archives
20-Diagrams
21-References
DON'T
CONTINUE FOOLING YOURSELF
THE
EARTH IS GROWING
AND EXPANDING RAPIDLY
by
EXTERNAL
ACCRETION
(METEORITES,
DUST AND SOLAR ENERGY)
and
INTERNAL
CORE EXPANSION
(BY
GRAVITATIONALLY INDUCED HEATING)
(The
mechanisms and a new cosmology)
Lawrence
S. Myers
(Revised
29 April 2005)
The
map shown here is PROOF of Earth's growth and
expansion in just the last ~200 million years--proving there were NO
oceans (now covering over 70% of the planet) when it was 40% smaller than
it is today.
The
evidence is obvious, unmistakable and irrefutable!
This
map of the Earth and World Ocean Floor was created in 1977 by Bruce M.
Heezen and Marie Tharp to illustrate their recently-discovered ~65,000
kilometers (~40,000 miles) of midocean ridges (MOR) that almost completely
encircle the planet. A white line has been added off the Asian trench
system from Kamchatka down to the Mariana Trench, where the oldest known
seafloor sediments on Earth, ~195-197 Ma (million years old), were
discovered in 1992 by Nakanishi, et al. This gives an approximate age of
200 Ma for today's oceans. This trench system is very significant—it
fits the western coast of North America, just as the eastern coast once
conjoined Europe and Africa.
However,
far more significant is the trench system encompassing the right-angled
Vityaz-Tonga-Kermadec Trench, New Zealand, and Macquarie Ridge that ends
in a distinct eastward curvature (white rectangle). This figure-7 or
fishhook-shaped configuration clearly matches the western coast of South
America from the notch at 20° South Latitude to the tip at 60° South
Latitude, where it curves perfectly around Cape Horn. (This Australian
trench is even more remarkable because it replicates the shape of the
eastern coast of South America that once conjoined Africa as part of
Wegener’s Pangaea [1912]. Two nearly identical major fractures in
Earth's crust is a phenomenon worth further investigation.)
With
this evidence in mind, look at the same map with the Asian/Australian
trenches moved back to where they were~150 to ~200 million years
ago—when all of today's oceans were in their infancy:
(The
map above has been modified to show the Asian and Australian trenches near
their original positions conjoining North and South America and Europe and
Africa moved closer to their original positions conjoined with the
Americas (with as much ocean area removed as possible using a flat
mercator projection. L.S. Myers, January 2002)
This
modified map shows clear empirical evidence that Asia and Australia were
originally conjoined with North and South America approximately 200-250
Ma, prior to creation of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific
Oceans.
This
earlier connection of Asia and Australia with the Americas is also
confirmed geologically by the deep ocean trenches that delineate the
Andesite Line containing andesite, the primary mineral of the Andes
Cordilleran mountains running the length of South America. [Carey, 1976,
p.256]
The
evidence is empirical and the conclusions are obvious—the Earth ~200-250
million years ago was a single planetary landmass ~40% smaller than it is
today, and at that moment in geologic time there were NO OCEANS!
Every
island and seamount, and most of the water In today’s ocean basins that
now cover over 70% of the planet, has evolved in the very short period of
200 million years! The Earth has been, and still is, steadily growing in
size and expanding in diameter at an accelerating rate—contrary to what
scientists believe because they are currently unable to detect and measure
this relatively slow rate of growth.
THIS
RAPID GROWTH AND EXPANSION HAS GRAVE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE OF
MANKIND!
FURTHER
PROOF OF EARTH'S GROWTH AND EXPANSION
The Kant-Laplace nebular
hypothesis of the Solar System and Earth's rapid creation as molten bodies
~4.5 billion years ago cannot be true, and the evidence confirms the Earth
is gradually increasing in size--one layer at a time--by constant
accretion of mass from outer space--a process I call ACCREATION (creation
by accretion).
The fallacy of the nebular
hypothesis is shown very clearly in the physiographic
cross-section of the Grand Canyon cliffs in Northern Arizona and the photo
shown below. These layers were laid down (accreted) as solid matter,
and none show signs of having been melted at any time. These layers are
positive evidence the Earth has grown steadily over time.
The
significance of these layers is that each one increased the radius
of the planet by a small amount and provide
additional proof the Earth (and all planetary bodies) originate as
meteoroids (cometary fragments) that grow larger by gravitational
accretion of dust and small particles, or by chance amalgamation with
other (smaller or larger) meteoroids in their orbits around the Sun.
The bottom layers of the
Grand Canyon, ~1.6 kilometers (one mile) down, go back in time almost a
billion years to the Precambrian, leaving another ~6365 kilometers to
Earth's center. This suggests the Earth could be much older than the
4.5 billion years now accepted as its age from radio-carbon dating of
meteorites.
Shown
are the geological strata (layers) accreted (laid down) just in the
Palaeozoic Era from the beginning of the Cambrian (~570 Ma) through the
Permian (~240 Ma), a total of ~330 million years. The indicated depth
shown is ~3300 feet (about 1 kilometer), representing a slow accretion
rate of about 10 feet (~3 meters) per million years, which means it took
about 100,000 years to accumulate each foot of new surface soil at the
rate of about one inch in 10,000 years.
But,
more importantly, think of the BOTTOM layer. When that bottom layer
accreted onto Earth’s surface it was the TOP layer of the Earth and
exposed to the sun. All layers above it were laid down, one by one, in
subsequent years. Where could this enormous volume of material have come
from except outer space?
A
visualization of these layers is provided in the photo of the Grand Canyon
shown below. The thick layers in the foreground and on the far side of the
canyon show different colors and depths that are clear evidence meteor
streams millions of years ago consisted of different chemical compositions
in different geological
epochs and
each meteor stream deposited its unique material for prolonged periods of
time before another took its place and deposited a layer with a different
chemical composition.
[Courtesy of IBM]
This
whole area, like other areas of the United States, was once covered by
water, forming a shallow epicontinental sea, so one can assume the
cataclysm that caused the breakup of Pangaea and formation of the Pacific
Ocean basin ~200 Ma offered a lower elevation into which this shallow sea
could run off—thus eroding and creating the Grand Canyon.
ACCRETION
OF MATTER FROM OUTER SPACE
The
planet is accreting new mass consisting of TWO types of matter from outer
space— meteorites and meteor dust, plus solar energy captured by photo-
synthesis in living organisms—which could happen only after water
appeared on the planet’s surface to support organic growth.
Meteorites
falling to Earth, large and small, have been known for centuries, but more
recent scientific measurements show that an even greater volume of dust
and meteorites (hundreds, possibly thousands, of tons) accretes onto
Earth's surface every day!
The
estimates vary widely (wildly?)—from ~274 to ~55,000 tons per day
[Newkirk in Meteor Orbits and Dust, NASA, 1967], but one can imagine the
potential volume of accreting extraterrestrial material from the very
large number of meteor streams (10 major and 374 minor, of which 154 are
the most authentic) reported by Terentjeva [ibid.] She reported
“Generally, the existence is accepted of several hundred minor meteor
showers with a duration of not less than 3 to 7 days and an average rate
not exceeding 2 meteors per hour.”
Although
today the daily volume of extraterrestrial matter from space may be
minuscule relative to Earth’s total mass, even one kilogram of new
matter is unquestionably an addition of mass and gravitational power. This
influx is well known but has been grossly underestimated and dismissed as
insignificant—despite massive amounts of meteoric, geologic and organic
evidence found in immense coal, oil, and limestone deposits, plus deep
overburdens, on every continent and in all ocean sediments.
Some
scientists may dispute the notion that additional solid matter is created
from solar energy by photosynthesis in plants and other living organisms,
but they should consider coal beds that were formed from trees in the
Carboniferous (~360 to ~290 Ma) but are now buried under deep overburden
that accreted later. The huge fossilized tree trunks found in the
Petrified National Forest near Holbrook in eastern Arizona are additional
evidence of mass from solar energy. Also consider the massive
deposits of limestone created by marine fauna (fish, coral, bivalves,
microfossils, etc.) in earlier epochs and this growth continues today.
Today, piles of leaves, wood chips and fallen trees are rapidly converted to soil by nematodes.
The
whole question of added mass needs further research to more accurately
determine the volume and sources.
IMPLICATIONS
OF GLOBAL GROWTH AND EXPANSION
This
overwhelming evidence of Earth’s growth and rapidly accelerating
expansion over the past ~200 Ma not only contradicts the current
philosophy of Earth's creation, but is revolutionary and
self-explanatory—the facts are there for everyone to see.
However,
there is no explanation for what may have caused this small early planet
with only a single landmass, no oceans, and scattered epicontinental seas
to suddenly break apart and form several separate continents, commence
formation of the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Arctic Oceans, and split
off Antarctica to become a separate, nearly-circular continent.
The
mechanism or cataclysmic event that initiated this global breakup is
unknown. Also still unclear is whether Asia and Australia broke away from
North and South America before the breakup of Wegener’s
Pangaea that created the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, or whether the events
were parts of a single, simultaneous global event. These are details that
require further investigation.
Could
this event have been triggered by a major cataclysmic event such as an
asteroid impact somewhere on the planet? Yes, but there could be other
explanations as well, and caution is mandatory. There is good evidence to
support the notion an asteroid impact suddenly formed the Arctic Ocean
basin, an idea based on the nearly-circular character of the Arctic Ocean
within the Arctic Circle, bounded by the Brooks Mountain Range in Alaska,
and the Siberian coast (see the polar projection map below).
If
research could confirm this suggestion and provide an appropriate time
frame, it would support the possibility the impact not only formed the
Arctic basin but fractured the planet longitudinally from north to south
on each side of North and South America, thereby initiating the Pacific
and Atlantic ocean basins and simultaneously creating (punching out)
Antarctica at the planet’s antipode.
Whatever
the actual cause of the event, this was a truly major planet-wide event
that coincided with the transition from the Triassic (~240-205 Ma) to the
Jurassic (~205-138 Ma), periods remarkable for producing the immense
sauropods and other fauna and flora of exceptionally large size. Stephen
Hurrell in “Dinosaurs and the Expanding Earth,” [1994, One-off
Publishing, Great Britain] makes a strong case that the immense size of
the animal, insect and plant species during those periods was due to the
lesser gravity of a much smaller Earth, which is supported by the evidence
of growth and expansion of the planet presented here.
However,
much of Earth’s earlier history is hidden from view or disguised by
subsequent accretion, volcanic, seismic and climatic events. Many details
are still unknown because geologists for two centuries have been trying to
interpret the geological evidence using the faulty fundamental philosophy
of the nebular hypothesis that produced faulty interpretations.
IS
ANY FURTHER PROOF OF EXPANSION NEEDED? Not really, but early resolution of
this fundamental controversy is extremely important for the future of both
science and Mankind because it is now clear the planet IS GROWING AND
EXPANDING at a velocity that appears to be accelerating exponentially.
It
is now up to the appropriate governmental authorities (NASA and NOAA) to
measure and recalculate Earth’s diameter to establish the TRUE rates of accretion
and expansion in order to establish benchmarks for estimates of future
growth and expansion. This will require extensive international geodesic
effort by NOAA’s National Geodetic Survey (NGS), as well as
international cooperation to recalibrate the global grid system that is
now seriously out of date.
Earth's
diameter can not be changed by the beliefs of scientists but the beliefs
of scientists can be changed by re-measuring Earth's diameter!
CONCLUSIONS
+ Approximately 200 million years ago ALL of today’s continents were
joined together as a single planetary landmass on a much smaller planet
(slightly larger than Mars is today) when NONE OF TODAY’S OCEANS EXISTED!
+
This unequivocal evidence suggests Earth’s diameter has increased at an
accelerating velocity. Today’s oceans cover ~71% of Earth’s surface,
which equates to a ~40% increase in Earth’s diameter in just ~200 Ma, an
incredibly short period in geologic time. Earth’s diameter then, without
oceans, would have been only ~7640 km (~4747 mi) or about ~60% of its
current average diameter of 12,734.889 km (7913.46 mi). [North American
Datum of 1983, NOAA, 1989]
+
The Earth ~200 Ma was different from Wegener’s 1912 concept of a single
continental landmass (Pangaea) that covered one hemisphere, surrounded by
a single hemispheric ocean (Panthalassa) on a planet of today’s diameter
because WEGENER’S PANTHALASSA NEVER EXISTED!
+
This evidence also nullifies the Kant-Laplace (1796) nebular hypothesis of
creation of the Earth ~4.5 billion years ago, which requires replacement
by an entirely new cosmological theory for creation of the Earth and other
bodies in our Solar System.
+
This evidence also verifies Carey’s Earth Expansion hypothesis [1956,
1976] that was rejected by the world’s scientific community three
decades ago after the subduction concept was introduced by Oliver and
Isacks [1967].
+
Subduction is not only illogical, it is not supported by geological or
physical evidence, and violates fundamental laws of physics. Had the
scientific community been less hasty in adopting subduction they might
have realized subduction’s fatal flaw that shows WHY subduction is
totally false. [See P. 2 – Subduction Sophistry]
+
This evidence also eliminates subduction from current plate tectonics
dogma because it was adopted on the basis of a constant-diameter Earth and
EARTH’S DIAMETER HAS NEVER BEEN CONSTANT.
+
The supreme irony of subduction and the conclusive argument that
subduction is false can be summarized quite simply by the following
illustration.
IF
EARTH'S DIAMETER IS FIXED AND UNCHANGING, the Atlantic Ocean basin MUST
continue to EXPAND, pushing North and South America westward until they
collide with Asia and Australia AFTER ELIMINATING THE PACIFIC OCEAN.
This
means North and South America would have been pushed from the west side of
Pangaea to the east side of Pangaea—half way around the planet and
eliminating the entire Pacific Ocean basin in the process. This would
happen despite the massive growth of new seafloor along the East Pacific
Rise, which today is actually expanding the Pacific Ocean basin—not
decreasing it!
WHAT’S
CAUSING RAPID GROWTH AND EXPANSION?
ANSWER:
TWO concurrent basic mechanisms reinforcing each other:
1.
ACCRETION OF MATTER FROM SPACE GRADUALLY INCREASING EARTH’S MASS,
GRAVITY, SURFACE AREA AND DIAMETER
2.
INTERNAL CORE EXPANSION BY TECTONIC FORCE OF EXPANDING MAGMA MELTED BY
GRAVITY-GENERATED COMPRESSIVE HEAT
Whether
cosmic rays, neutrinos, or other known particles with mass, contribute to
Earth’s total mass is beyond the scope of my knowledge, but it is
seriously doubted such particles would contribute any appreciable volume
of mass equal to that of the known meteordust and meteorites. Furthermore,
an acceptable mechanism for their capture must be demonstrated,
particularly in the proto- planetary stages of meteoroids before they
reach spherical shape and core melting commences.
Also
problematic are suggestions that appreciable amounts of gases are lost
into space. This idea is also subject to proof by someone else.
INTERNAL
CORE EXPANSION
The
dominant factor in global expansion today is the expanding molten
core-–melting its way upward towards the crust and creating new ocean
floor when extruded from the ~65,000 km (~40,000 miles) of midocean
ridges. In the last ~200 Ma these ridges have added more than 71% of new
ocean surface area to the planet, increasing Earth’s diameter by 40%.
Midocean
ridges are the enabling mechanism of GLOBAL EXPANSION, acting like cranial
sutures that allow the human skull to grow to maturity.
The
heat source melting and expanding the core is compressive heating
generated by the planet’s total atomic weight omnidirectionally focused
by gravity on its exact center. Some investigators may invoke radioactive
decay of fissionable material as an additional heat source, but I
seriously doubt this and will leave it to further debate and proof by
discovery of a molten core in an irregularly-shaped asteroid.
Diagram
of Omnidirectional Gravitational Pressure on
exact center of any spherical body.
SUMMATION
Empirical
evidence that as recently as ~200 Ma the Earth was only ~60% of its
present diameter, and that today’s oceans, and the waters in them, did
not exist on the planet may come as a shock to most scientists, especially
those in earth sciences who have been taught differently with fundamental
philosophies that have not changed in the past 200 years.
Many
fundamental reference tables and fact sheets now need revision, and most
textbooks are certainly out of date. Earth’s gravitational constant must
be updated and recalibrated to reflect constantly-increasing mass. Maps
need to be redrawn and positions of key cities and landmarks re-determined
because ALL distances between meridians of longitude and parallels of
latitude have increased because of expansion, but scientists do not yet
realize it. The grid system itself needs to be recalibrated periodically
after expansion is confirmed—another challenge facing geophysicists and
geodesists!
Similar
reference data applicable to all other bodies in the Solar System will
require revision, because they, too, come under the same universal rule of
constant growth and development by accretion and should be considered
patterns for other solar systems and galaxies in the Universe. In effect,
global growth and expansion can be considered a Universal Recycling
System.
These
conclusions are inescapable, and this evidence of an incredibly rapid
increase in Earth’s diameter and surface area is a new development the
scientific community must confront, confirm, and calibrate before
contemplating measures to cope with the inevitable consequences of global
expansion such as earthquakes and the global warming that has now become
apparent.
Eventually
Mankind will be forced to migrate to a new home on Mars before Earth grows
to the size of Neptune. Today's global warming is an early warning to
Mankind.
(First
presentation of theory Dec. 14, 1982, at the AGU Fall Meeting in San
Francisco, California)
This
website reflects the personal views of Lawrence S. Myers, who alone is
responsible for the accuracy and reliability of all data. This concept
paper introduces many new ideas that contradict the current philosophy of
Earth’s creation accepted as fact by 99.99% of the world’s scientists.
These ideas have been independently generated since February 1965, when
the subject of an energy source necessary for the earth to expand appeared
in a newspaper article discussing Professor S. Warren Carey’s then new
(1956) theory of the expanding earth. The importance of these new ideas
and perceptions should not be ignored; they are the forerunners of a new
theory of ‘universal planetary growth’ that explains creation of the
Earth and Solar System in an entirely new way. This new theory is called
ACCREATION (creation by accretion) to distinguish it from the biblical
story of Creation recited in Genesis, and other new creation theories that
scientists have tried to introduce over the past 200 years.
(Copyright,
1999, St. Clair Enterprises, Inc.) ( Last revised 29 April 2005)
Email
comments to: meteordust@expanding-earth.org
|
|
