About site: Chemistry/Elements/Germanium - It's Elemental: Germanium
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Title: Chemistry/Elements/Germanium - It's Elemental: Germanium Basic physical and historical information.
LANL__Germanium History, sources, uses, and properties.

Lenntech__Germanium Physical data, chemical properties, health and environmental effects.

USGS_Minerals_Information__Germanium Statistics and information on the worldwide supply, demand, and flow of the element (PDF format).

WebElements__Germanium Extensive information on history, uses, occurrence, compounds, and properties of the element.

Wikipedia__Germanium Properties of the element, including its history, applications, and characteristics.

Radiochemistry_of_Germanium Full text of the monograph by Jacob A. Marinsky (University of Buffalo, Dept. of Chemistry, Buffalo, New York). [PDF] (July, 1961)

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It's Elemental - The Element GermaniumPrivacy and Security NoticeJefferson LabJefferson Lab HomeSearchContact JLabScience Education----------------------Science Education HomeTeacher ResourcesStudent ZoneGames and PuzzlesPrograms and EventsSearch EducationIt's ElementalPrevious ElementPrevious ElementTable of ElementsNext ElementNext Element 32GeGermanium72.64GermaniumAtomic Number:32Atomic Weight:72.64Melting Point:1211.40 K (938.25°C or 1720.85°F)Boiling Point:3106 K (2833°C or 5131°F)Density:5.323 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature:SolidElement Classification:Semi-metalPeriod Number:4Group Number:14Group Name:noneWhat's in a name?Named for the country of Germany.Say what?Germanium is pronounced as jer-MAY-ni-em.History and Uses:First proposed to exist by Dmitri Mendeleyev in 1871 based on gaps in his newly created Periodic Table of Elements, germanium was discovered by the German chemist Clemens Winkler in the mineral argyrodite (Ag8GeS6) in 1886. Today, germanium is primarily obtained from the smelting of zinc ores and from the byproducts of burning certain types of coal.The largest use of germanium is in the semiconductor industry. When doped with small amounts of arsenic, gallium, indium, antimony or phosphorus, germanium is used to make transistors for use in electronic devices. Germanium is also used to create alloys and as a phosphor in fluorescent lamps. Both germanium and germanium oxide (GeO) are transparent to infrared radiation and are used in infrared optical instruments and infrared detectors. Some germanium compounds seem to be effective in killing some types of bacteria and are currently being studied for use in chemotherapy.Estimated Crustal Abundance:1.5 milligrams per kilogramEstimated Oceanic Abundance:5×10-5 milligrams per literNumber of Stable Isotopes:4(View all isotope data)Ionization Energy:7.900 eVOxidation States:+4, +2Electron Shell Configuration:1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p2This page is maintained by Steve Gagnon.Citation and linking information
 

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