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Title: Chemistry/Elements/Germanium - EnvironmentalChemistry.com: Germanium Atomic structure, chemical and physical properties, and table of nuclides.
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Germanium Data tables and historic information.
| It\'s_Elemental__Germanium Basic physical and historical information.
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| Lenntech__Germanium Physical data, chemical properties, health and environmental effects.
| USGS_Minerals_Information__Germanium Statistics and information on the worldwide supply, demand, and flow of the element (PDF format).
| WebElements__Germanium Extensive information on history, uses, occurrence, compounds, and properties of the element.
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Periodic Table of Elements: Germanium – Ge (EnvironmentalChemistry.com)
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Periodic Table of ElementsElement Germanium – GeComprehensive data on the chemical element Germanium is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Germanium.
Common chemical compounds are also provided for many elements. In addition technical terms are linked to their definitions and the menu contains links to related articles that are a great aid in one studies.
Using the "Periodic Table of Elements Quick Navigation" graphic at the bottom of the sidebar menu, one can quickly jump from chemical element to chemical element.
Germanium Menu
Germanium Page One
Overview of Germanium
Germanium's Name in Other Languages
Atomic Structure of Germanium
Chemical Properties of Germanium
Physical Properties of Germanium
Regulatory / Health
Who/When/Where/How
Germanium Page Two
Nuclides / Isotopes
Potential Parent Nuclides
Germanium Page Three
Common Chemical Compounds of Germanium
Overview of Germanium
Atomic Number:32
Group: 14
Period: 4
Series: Metalloids (Metals)
Germanium's Name in Other LanguagesLatin: GermaniumCzech: GermaniumCroatian: GermanijFrench:
GermaniumGerman: Germanium - sItalian: GermanioNorwegian: GermaniumPortuguese: Germânio
Russian:  Spanish: GermánioSwedish:
Germanium
Atomic Structure of Germanium
Atomic Radius: 1.52Å
Atomic Volume: 13.6cm3/mol
Covalent Radius: 1.22Å
Cross Section (Thermal Neutron Capture) a/barns: 2.2
Crystal Structure: Cubic face centered
Electron Configuration:1s2
2s2p6
3s2p6d10
4s2p2
Electrons per Energy Level: 2,8,18,4
Shell Model
Ionic Radius: 0.53Å
Filling Orbital: 4p2
Number of Electrons (with no charge): 32
Number of Neutrons (most common/stable nuclide): 41
Number of Protons: 32
Oxidation States: 4
Valence Electrons: 4s2p2
Electron Dot Model
Chemical Properties of Germanium
Electrochemical Equivalent: 0.6771g/amp-hr
Electron Work Function: 5eV
Electronegativity: 2.01 (Pauling); 2.02 (Allrod Rochow)
Heat of Fusion: 36.94kJ/mol
Incompatibilities:Acids
Ionization PotentialFirst: 7.899Second: 15.934Third: 34.22
Valence Electron Potential (-eV): 109
Physical Properties of Germanium
Atomic Mass Average: 72.61
Boiling Point: 3103K 2830°C 5126°F
Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion/K-1: 5.57E-6
ConductivityElectrical: 1.45E-8 106/cm  Thermal: 0.599
W/cmK
Density: 5.323g/cc @ 300K
Description:Hard brittle grayish-white metalloid that is stable in air and water. It is unaffected by acids (except HNO3) and alkalis.
Elastic Modulus:Rigidity: 29.6/GPaYoungs: 79.9/GPa
Enthalpy of Atomization: 376.6 kJ/mole @ 25°C
Enthalpy of Fusion: 34.7 kJ/mole
Enthalpy of Vaporization: 334.3 kJ/mole
Flammablity Class: Combustible Solid, fine dust is easily ignited
Freezing Point: see melting point
Hardness ScaleMohs: 6
Heat of Vaporization: 330.9kJ/mol
Melting Point: 1210.55K 937.4°C 1719.3°F
Molar Volume: 13.57 cm3/mole
Physical State (at 20°C & 1atm): Solid
Specific Heat: 0.32J/gK
Vapor Pressure = 0.0000746Pa@937.4°C
Regulatory / Health
CAS Number
7440-56-4
RTECS: 1008063GEOSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)No limits set by
OSHA
OSHA PEL Vacated 1989No limits set by OSHA
NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL)No limits set by NIOSH
Levels In Humans:Note: this data represents naturally occuring levels of elements in the typical human, it DOES NOT represent recommended daily allowances.Blood/mg dm-3: 0.44Bone/p.p.m: n/aLiver/p.p.m: 0.15Muscle/p.p.m: 0.14Daily Dietary Intake: 0.4-1.5 mgTotal Mass In Avg. 70kg
human: 5 mg
Who / Where / When / HowDiscoverer: Clemens A WinklerDiscovery Location: Freiberg Germany
Discovery Year: 1886Name Origin: Latin: Germania (Germany).
Abundance of Germanium:Earth's Crust/p.p.m.: 1.8
Seawater/p.p.m.: Atlantic Suface: 7E-08Atlantic Deep: 1.4E-07Pacific Surface: 3.5E-07Pacific Deep: 0.000006
Atmosphere/p.p.m.: N/A
Sun (Relative to H=1E12): 3160
Sources of Germanium:Obtained from refining copper, zinc and lead. Annual world wide production is around 80 tons.
Uses of Germanium:Widely used in semiconductors, infrared prisms, reflectors in projectors, wide angle lenses and dentistry.
Additional Notes:In the elemental form it is a lustrous white, brittle metaloid. When crystalized it has a diamond cubic structure. It is a poor conductor and is used in electronics in rectifying devices and transistors. It is also used in dental alloys. There are several compounds
which contain germanium. "Germaine" or germanium hydride is a colorless gas GeH4 prepared by the action of lithium aluminum hydride on germanium halide in an ether solution. Germaine is a hazardous substance UN2192 which is classified as a poisonous gas (2.3). It is also a flammable gas (2.1). Other compounds include
: Germanium dichloride Ge Cl2, Germanium dioxide GeO2, Germanium tetrachloride GeCl4 this is very irritating to eyes and membranes.
[Last update: 2/22/2007]Notes below
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Germanium Menu
Germanium Page One
Overview of Germanium
Germanium's Name in Other Languages
Atomic Structure of Germanium
Chemical Properties of Germanium
Physical Properties of Germanium
Regulatory / Health
Who/When/Where/How
Germanium Page Two
Nuclides / Isotopes
Potential Parent Nuclides
Germanium Page Three
Common Chemical Compounds of Germanium
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