About site: Chemistry/Elements/Silicon - It's Elemental: Silicon
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Title: Chemistry/Elements/Silicon - It's Elemental: Silicon Basic physical and historical information.
LANL__Silicon History, sources, uses, and properties.

Lenntech__Silicon Physical data, chemical properties, and health effects.

Silicon Data tables and historic information.

Silicon_Chemistry_Primer Review of silicon and silicone chemistry including properties and types of materials that can be made.

USGS_Minerals_Information__Silicon Statistics and information on the worldwide supply, demand, and flow of the element (PDF format).

Visual_Elements__Silicon General and physical information, source, uses, biological role, key isotopes, and ionisation energies.

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It's Elemental - The Element SiliconPrivacy and Security NoticeJefferson LabJefferson Lab HomeSearchContact JLabScience Education----------------------Science Education HomeTeacher ResourcesStudent ZoneGames and PuzzlesPrograms and EventsSearch EducationIt's ElementalPrevious ElementPrevious ElementTable of ElementsNext ElementNext Element 14SiSilicon28.0855SiliconAtomic Number:14Atomic Weight:28.0855Melting Point:1687 K (1414°C or 2577°F)Boiling Point:3538 K (3265°C or 5909°F)Density:2.3296 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature:SolidElement Classification:Semi-metalPeriod Number:3Group Number:14Group Name:noneWhat's in a name?From the Latin word for flint, silex.Say what?Silicon is pronounced as SIL-i-ken.History and Uses:Silicon was discovered by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, a Swedish chemist, in 1824 by heating chips of potassium in a silica container and then carefully washing away the residual by-products. Silicon is the seventh most abundant element in the universe and the second most abundant element in the earth's crust. Today, silicon is produced by heating sand (SiO2) with carbon to temperatures approaching 2200°C.Two allotropes of silicon exist at room temperature: amorphous and crystalline. Amorphous appears as a brown powder while crystalline silicon has a metallic luster and a grayish color. Single crystals of crystalline silicon can be grown with a process known as the Czochralski process. These crystals, when doped with elements such as boron, gallium, germanium, phosphorus or arsenic, are used in the manufacture of solid-state electronic devices, such as transistors, solar cells, rectifiers and microchips.Silicon dioxide (SiO2), silicon's most common compound, is the most abundant compound in the earth's crust. It commonly takes the form of ordinary sand, but also exists as quartz, rock crystal, amethyst, agate, flint, jasper and opal. Silicon dioxide is extensively used in the manufacture of glass and bricks. Silica gel, a colloidal form of silicon dioxide, easily absorbs moisture and is used as a desiccant.Silicon forms other useful compounds. Silicon carbide (SiC) is nearly as hard as diamond and is used as an abrasive. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), also known as water glass, is used in the production of soaps, adhesives and as an egg preservative. Silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4) is used to create smoke screens. Silicon is also an important ingredient in silicone, a class of material that is used for such things as lubricants, polishing agents, electrical insulators and medical implants.Estimated Crustal Abundance:2.82×105 milligrams per kilogramEstimated Oceanic Abundance:2.2 milligrams per literNumber of Stable Isotopes:3(View all isotope data)Ionization Energy:8.152 eVOxidation States:+4, +2, -4Electron Shell Configuration:1s22s22p63s23p2This page is maintained by Steve Gagnon.Citation and linking information
 

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