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Periodic Table of Elements: Silicon – Si (EnvironmentalChemistry.com)
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Periodic Table of ElementsElement Silicon – SiComprehensive data on the chemical element Silicon is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Silicon.
Common chemical compounds are also provided for many elements. In addition technical terms are linked to their definitions and the menu contains links to related articles that are a great aid in one studies.
Using the "Periodic Table of Elements Quick Navigation" graphic at the bottom of the sidebar menu, one can quickly jump from chemical element to chemical element.
Silicon Menu
Silicon Page One
Overview of Silicon
Silicon's Name in Other Languages
Atomic Structure of Silicon
Chemical Properties of Silicon
Physical Properties of Silicon
Regulatory / Health
Who/When/Where/How
Silicon Page Two
Nuclides / Isotopes
Potential Parent Nuclides
Silicon Page Three
Common Chemical Compounds of Silicon
Overview of Silicon
Atomic Number:14
Group: 14
Period: 3
Series: Metalloids (Nonmetal)
Silicon's Name in Other LanguagesLatin: SiliciumCzech: K emíkCroatian: SilicijFrench: SiliciumGerman: Silizium - rItalian: SilicioNorwegian: SilisiumPortuguese: Silício
Russian:  Spanish: SilicioSwedish:
Kisel
Atomic Structure of Silicon
Atomic Radius: 1.46Å
Atomic Volume: 12.1cm3/mol
Covalent Radius: 1.11Å
Cross Section (Thermal Neutron Capture)  a/barns: 0.171
Crystal Structure: Cubic face centered
Electron Configuration:1s2
2s2p6
3s2p2
Electrons per Energy Level: 2,8,4
Shell Model
Ionic Radius: 0.4Å
Filling Orbital: 3p2
Number of Electrons (with no charge): 14
Number of Neutrons (most common/stable nuclide): 14
Number of Protons: 14
Oxidation States: 4
Valence Electrons: 3s2p2
Electron Dot Model
Chemical Properties of Silicon
Electrochemical Equivalent: 0.26197g/amp-hr
Electron Work Function: 4.52eV
Electronegativity: 1.9 (Pauling); 1.74 (Allrod Rochow)
Heat of Fusion: 50.55kJ/mol
Incompatibilities:Chlorine, fluorine, oxidizers, calcium, cesium carbide, alkaline carbonates
Ionization PotentialFirst: 8.151Second: 16.345Third: 33.492
Valence Electron Potential (-eV): 144
Physical Properties of Silicon
Atomic Mass Average: 28.0855
Boiling Point: 2628K 2355°C 4271°F
Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion/K-1: 4.2E-6
ConductivityElectrical: 2.52E-12 106/cm  Thermal: 1.48
W/cmK
Density: 2.33g/cc @ 300K
Description:Hard dark gray non-metal.
Elastic Modulus:Bulk: 100/GPaYoungs: 47/GPa
Enthalpy of Atomization: 439.3 kJ/mole @ 25°C
Enthalpy of Fusion: 46.44 kJ/mole
Enthalpy of Vaporization: 439 kJ/mole
Flammablity Class: Combustible Solid in powder form
Freezing Point: see melting point
Hardness ScaleMohs: 6.5
Heat of Vaporization: 384.22kJ/mol
Melting Point: 1683K 1410°C 2570°F
Molar Volume: 12.05 cm3/mole
Optical Reflectivity: 28%
Physical State (at 20°C & 1atm): Solid
Specific Heat: 0.71J/gK
Vapor Pressure = 4.77@1410°C
Regulatory / Health
CAS Number
7440-21-3 amorphous powder
UN/NA ID and ERG Guide Number
1346 / 170 amorphous powder
RTECS: VW0400000OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)TWA: 15 mg/m3 total particulate 5 mg/m3 respirable particulate
OSHA PEL Vacated 1989TWA: 10 mg/m3 total particulate 5 mg/m3 respirable particulate
NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL)TWA: 10 mg/m3 total particulate 5
mg/m3 respirable particulate
Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Skin and/or eye contact
Target Organs: Eyes, skin, respiratory system
Levels In Humans:Note: this data represents naturally occuring levels of elements in the typical human, it DOES NOT represent recommended daily allowances.Blood/mg dm-3: 3.9Bone/p.p.m: 17Liver/p.p.m: 12-120Muscle/p.p.m: 100-200Daily Dietary Intake: 18-1200 mgTotal Mass In Avg. 70kg
human: 1 g
Who / Where / When / HowDiscoverer: Jöns J. BerzeliusDiscovery Location: Stockholm Sweden
Discovery Year: 1824Name Origin:Latin: silex (flint).
Abundance of Silicon:Earth's Crust/p.p.m.: 277100
Seawater/p.p.m.: Atlantic Suface: 0.03Atlantic Deep: 0.82Pacific Surface: 0.03Pacific Deep: 4.09
Atmosphere/p.p.m.: N/A
Sun (Relative to H=1E12): 4.47E+07
Sources of Silicon:Silicon is the second most abundant element and comprises 25% of the earth's crust. Makes up major portion of clay, granite, quartz (SiO2), and sand. Approximate annual world production wide production: electronics grade pure silicon, 5000 tons;
metallurgical grade, 480,000 tons; ferrosilicon, 3,400,000. Primary mining areas are Austria, Italy, India, South Africa, Australia, Canada, USA, Brazil.
Uses of Silicon:Used in glass as silicon dioxide (SiO2). It is used as a semiconductor to make microchips for electronics (like your computer). Silicon is also used in solar cells, tools, cement, grease and oils.
Additional Notes:Silicon carbide (SiC) is one of the hardest substances known.
[Last update: 2/22/2007]Notes below
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Silicon Menu
Silicon Page One
Overview of Silicon
Silicon's Name in Other Languages
Atomic Structure of Silicon
Chemical Properties of Silicon
Physical Properties of Silicon
Regulatory / Health
Who/When/Where/How
Silicon Page Two
Nuclides / Isotopes
Potential Parent Nuclides
Silicon Page Three
Common Chemical Compounds of Silicon
Related Resources
Anatomy of the Atom
Answers many questions regarding the structure of atoms.
Molarity, Molality and Normality
Introduces stoichiometry and explains the differences between molarity, molality and normality.
Molar Mass Calculations and Javascript Calculator
Molar mass calculations are explained and there is a JavaScript calculator to aid calculations.
Chemical Database
This database focuses on the most common chemical compounds used in the home and industry.
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Kenneth Barbalace. Periodic Table of Elements - Silicon – Si. EnvironmentalChemistry.com. 1995 - 2008. Accessed on-line: 12/2/2008http://EnvironmentalChemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Si.html.
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