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Title: Chemistry/Elements/Platinum - Lenntech: Platinum Physical data, chemical properties, health and environmental effects.
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Platinum Data tables and historic information.
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Platinum (Pt) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects
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Platinum - Pt
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Chemical properties of platinum - Health effects of platinum
- Environmental effects of platinum
Atomic number
78
Atomic mass
195.09 g.mol -1
Electronegativity
according to Pauling
2.2
Density
21.4 g.cm-3 at 20°C
Melting point
1772 °C
Boiling point
3800 °C
Vanderwaals
radius
0.138 nm
Ionic radius
0.096 nm (+2)
Isotopes
13
Electronic
shell
[ Xe ] 4f14 5d9 6s1
Energy of
first ionisation
867 kJ.mol -1
Energy of
second ionisation
1788 kJ.mol -1
Discovered by
Julius Scaliger in 1735
Platinum
The name platinum is derived from the Spanish "platina",
meaning "little silver".
Platinum is a lustrous silvery-white, malleable, ductile metal and a
member of group 10 of the periodic table of the elements. It has the
third highest density, behind osmium
and iridium.
Platinum is unaffected by air and water, but will dissolve in hot aqua
regia, in hot concentrated phosphoric and sulphuric acids, and in molten
alkali. It is as resistant as gold to corrosion and tarnishing. Indeed,
platinum will not oxidize in air no matter how strongly it is heated.
It
has a coefficient of expansion almost equal to that of soda-lime-silica
glass, and is therefore used to make sealed electrodes in
glass systems.
Hydrogen
and oxygen gas mixtures explode in the presence of platinum wire.
There are six naturally occurring isotopes : the most abundant are
platinum-194, which accounts for 33%, platinum-195 (34%) and
platinum-196 (25%). The others are platinum-198 (7%), platinum-192 (1%)
and platinum-190 (0.01%). The latter is weakly radioactive, with a half
life of 700 billion years, while the other five are non-radioactive.
Applications
Platinum has many uses. Its wear- and tarnish-resistance
characteristics are well-suited for making fine jewelry. Platinum and
its alloys are used in surgical tools, laboratory utensils, electrical
resistance wires, and electrical contact points. It is used (30%) as a
catalyst in the catalytic converter, an optional component of the
gasoline-fuelled automobile exhaust system. The largest use (50%) of
platinum is for jewellery, another 20% is used in industry: platinum is
used in the chemical, electrical, glass and aircraft industries, each
accounting for about 10 tonnes of the metal per year. The glass industry
uses platinum for optical fibers and liquid crystal display glass,
especially for laptops.
Platinum in the environment
Platinum primary occurrence is with other metal ores associated with
basic igneous rocks. Platinum nuggets occur naturally as the uncombined
metal, as does an alloy of platinum-iridium. Three-quarters of the
world's platinum comes from South Africa, where it occurs as cooperite,
while Russia is the second largest produced, followed by North America.
World production of platinum is around 155 tonnes a year and reserves
total more than 30.000 tonnes
Health effects of platinum
Platinum is a noble metal. The concentrations
of platinum in the soil, water and air are very minimal. In some
places deposits can be found that are very rich in platinum,
mainly in South Africa, the Soviet Union and the United States.
Platinum is used as a component of several metal products, such as
electrodes and it can be used as a catalyser of a number of
chemical reactions.
Platinum bonds are often applied as a medicine to cure cancer. The
health effects of platinum are strongly dependent upon the kind of
bonds that are shaped and the exposure level and immunity of the
person that is exposed.
Platinum as a metal is not very dangerous, but platinum salts can
cause several health effects, such as:
- DNA alterations
- Cancer
- Allergic reactions of the skin and the mucous membrane
- Damage to organs, such as intestines, kidneys and bone marrow
- Hearing damage
Finally, a danger of platinum is that it can cause potentiation of
the toxicity of other dangerous chemicals in the human body, such
as selenium.
Environmental effects of platinum
The application of platinum in metal products
is not known to cause many environmental problems, but we do know
that it can cause serious health conditions in the working place
environment.
Platinum is emitted into the air through the exhausts of cars that
use leaded gasoline. Consequently, platinum levels in air may be
higher on certain locations, for instance in garages, in tunnels
and on terrains of trucking companies.
What the effects of platinum on animals and the environment may be
has not yet been researched very extensively. The only thing we
know is that platinum will accumulate in the roots of plants after
uptake. Whether eating platinum-containing plant roots can do any
harm to animals and humans, is not yet clear.
Microrganisms may be able to convert platinum substances to more
dangerous substances in soils, but on this subject we also have
little information.
Back to
periodic table of elements.
[ Home
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Information or question on Platinum? ]
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Rotterdamseweg 402 M
2629 HH Delft, The Netherlands
tel: (+31)(0)15 26.10.900
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