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Title: Chemistry/Elements/Nickel - Lenntech: Nickel Physical data, chemical properties, health and environmental effects.
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Nickel Data tables and historic information.
| USGS_Minerals_Information__Nickel Statistics and information on the worldwide supply, demand, and flow of the element (PDF format).
| Visual_Elements__Nickel Image, general and physical information, source, uses, key isotopes, and ionisation energies.
| WebElements__Nickel Extensive information on history, uses, occurrence, compounds, and properties of the element.
| Wikipedia__Nickel Properties of the element, including its history, applications, and characteristics.
| Radiochemistry_of_Nickel Full text of the monograph by L. J. Kirby (Hanford Atomic Products Operation, Richland, Washington). [PDF] (November, 1961)
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Nickel (Ni) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects
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Chemical properties of nickel
- Health effects of nickel - Environmental effects of nickel
Atomic number
28
Atomic mass
58.71 g.mol -1
Electronegativity
according to Pauling
1.8
Density
8.9 g.cm-3 at 20°C
Melting point
1453 °C
Boiling point
2913 °C
Vanderwaals
radius
0.124 nm
Ionic radius
0.069 nm (+2) ; 0.06 nm (+3)
Isotopes
10
Electronic
shell
[ Ar ] 3d8 4s2
Energy of
first ionisation
735 kJ.mol -1
Energy of
second ionisation
1753 kJ.mol -1
Energy of
third ionisation
3387 kJ.mol -1
Standard
potential
- 0.25 V
Discovered by
Alex Constedt 1751
Nickel
Nickel
is silvery-white. hard, malleable, and ductile metal. It is of the iron
group and it takes on a high polish. It is a fairly good
conductor of heat and electricity. In its familiar compounds nickel is
bivalent, although it assumes other valences. It also forms a number of
complex compounds. Most nickel compounds are blue or green. Nickel
dissolves slowly in dilute acids but, like iron, becomes passive when
treated with nitric acid. Finely divided nickel adsorbs hydrogen.
Applications
The major use of nickel is in the preparation of alloys. Nickel alloys are
characterized by strength, ductility, and resistance to
corrosion and heat. About 65 % of
the nickel consumed in the Western World is used to make stainless
steel, whose composition can vary but is tipycally
iron with aroun 18% chromium and 8% nichel.
12 % of all the nichel consumed goes into superalloys. The remaining 23%
of consumption is divided between alloy steels, rechargeable batteries,
catalysts and other chemicals, coinage, foundry products, and plating.
Nickel is easy to work and can be drawn into wire. It resist corrosion
even at high temperatures and for this reason it is used in gas turbines
and rocked engines. Monel is an alloy of nickel and
copper (e.g. 70% nichel, 30% copper with traces of iron,
manganese and silicon),
which is not only hard but can resist corrosion by sea water, so that it
is ideal for propeller shaft in boats and
desalination plants.
Nickel in the environment
Most nichel on Earth is inacessible because it is locked away in the
planet's iron-nickel molten core, which is 10 % nickel. The total amount
of nickel dissolved in the sea has been calculated to be around 8
billion tonnes. Organic matter has a strong ability to absorb the metal
which is why coal and oil contain considerable amounts. The nichel
content in soil can be as low as 0.2 ppm or as high as 450 ppm in some
clay and loamy soils. The average is around 20 ppm. Nickel occurs in
some beans where it is an essential component of some enzymes. Another
relatively rich source of nickel is tea which has 7.6 mg/kg of dried
leaves.
Nickel occurs combined with sulphur
in millerite, with arsenic
in the mineral niccolite, and with arsenic and sulphur in nickel glance.
Most ores from which nichel is extracted are iron-nickel sulphides, such
as pentlandite. The metal is mined in Russia, Australia, New caledonia,
Cuba, Canada and South Africa. Annula production exceeds 500.000 tonnes
and easily workable reserves will last at least 150 years.
Health effects of nickel
Nickel is a compound that occurs in the
environment only at very low levels. Humans use nickel for many
different applications. The most common application of nickel is
the use as an ingredient of steal and other metal products. It can
be found in common metal products such as jewellery.
Foodstuffs naturally contain small amounts of nickel. Chocolate
and fats are known to contain severely high quantities. Nickel
uptake will boost when people eat large quantities of vegetables
from polluted soils. Plants are known to accumulate nickel and as
a result the nickel uptake from vegetables will be eminent.
Smokers have a higher nickel uptake through their lungs. Finally,
nickel can be found in detergents.
Humans may be exposed to nickel by breathing air, drinking
water,
eating food or smoking cigarettes. Skin contact with
nickel-contaminated soil or water may also result in nickel
exposure. In small quantities nickel is essential, but when the
uptake is too high it can be a danger to human health.
An uptake of too large quantities of nickel has the following
consequences:
- Higher chances of development of lung cancer, nose cancer,
larynx cancer and prostate cancer
- Sickness and dizziness after exposure to nickel gas
- Lung embolism
- Respiratory failure
- Birth defects
- Asthma and chronic bronchitis
- Allergic reactions such as skin rashes, mainly from jewellery
- Heart disorders
Nickel fumes are respiratory irritants
and may cause pneumonitis. Exposure to nickel
and its compounds may result in the development of a dermatitis known as “nickel itch” in
sensitized individuals. The first symptom is usually
itching, which occurs up to 7 days before skin eruption occurs. The primary skin eruption is
erythematous, or follicular, which may be
followed by skin ulceration. Nickel sensitivity, once acquired,
appears to persist indefinitely.
Carcinogenicity- Nickel and certain nickel compounds have been
listed by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) as being
reasonably anticipated to be carcinogens. The
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has listed nickel compounds within group 1
(there is sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity
in humans) and nickel within group 2B (agents which are possibly carcinogenic to humans). OSHA does not
regulate nickel as a carcinogen. Nickel is
on the ACGIH Notice of Intended Changes as a Category A1, confirmed human carcinogen.
Effects of nickel on
the environment
Nickel is released into the air by power
plants and trash incinerators. It will than settle to the ground
or fall down after reactions with raindrops. It usually takes a
long time for nickel to be removed from air. Nickel can also end
up in surface water when it is a part of wastewater streams.
The larger part of all nickel compounds that are released to the
environment will adsorb to sediment or soil particles and become
immobile as a result. In acidic ground however, nickel is bound to
become more mobile and it will often rinse out to the groundwater.
There is not much information available on the effects of nickel
upon organisms other than humans. We do know that high nickel
concentrations on sandy soils can clearly damage plants and high
nickel concentrations in surface waters can diminish the growth
rates of algae. Microrganisms can also suffer from growth decline
due to the presence of nickel, but they usually develop resistance
to nickel after a while.
For animals nickel is an essential foodstuff in small amounts. But
nickel is not only favourable as an essential element; it can also
be dangerous when the maximum tolerable amounts are exceeded. This
can cause various kinds of cancer on different sites within the
bodies of animals, mainly of those that live near refineries.
Nickel is not known to accumulate in plants or animals. As a
result nickel will not bio magnify up the food chain.
Now
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Rotterdamseweg 402 M
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