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Seaborgium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ /**/ wgOggPlayer.msg = {"ogg-play": "Play", "ogg-pause": "Pause", "ogg-stop": "Stop", "ogg-no-player": "Sorry, your system does not appear to have any supported player software.\nPlease \x3ca href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaborgium/\"http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:OggHandler/Client_download\"\x3edownload a player\x3c/a\x3e.", "ogg-player-videoElement": "Native browser support", "ogg-player-oggPlugin": "Browser plugin", "ogg-player-cortado": "Cortado (Java)", "ogg-player-vlc-mozilla": "VLC", "ogg-player-vlc-activex": "VLC (ActiveX)", "ogg-player-quicktime-mozilla": "QuickTime", "ogg-player-quicktime-activex": "QuickTime (ActiveX)", "ogg-player-totem": "Totem", "ogg-player-kaffeine": "Kaffeine", "ogg-player-kmplayer": "KMPlayer", "ogg-player-mplayerplug-in": "mplayerplug-in", "ogg-player-thumbnail": "Still image only", "ogg-player-selected": "(selected)", "ogg-use-player": "Use player:", "ogg-more": "More…", "ogg-download": "Download file", "ogg-desc-link": "About this file", "ogg-dismiss": "Close", "ogg-player-soundthumb": "No player", "ogg-no-xiphqt": "You do not appear to have the XiphQT component for QuickTime.\nQuickTime cannot play Ogg files without this component.\nPlease \x3ca href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaborgium/\"http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:OggHandler/Client_download\"\x3edownload XiphQT\x3c/a\x3e or choose another player."};wgOggPlayer.cortadoUrl = "http://upload.wikimedia.org/jars/cortado.jar";wgOggPlayer.extPathUrl = "/w/extensions/OggHandler";.ogg-player-options { border: solid 1px #ccc; padding: 2pt; text-align: left; font-size: 10pt;} if (wgNotice != '') document.writeln(wgNotice); Seaborgium From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search 106dubnium ← seaborgium → bohriumW↑Sg↓(Uph) Periodic Table - Extended Periodic TableGeneralName, Symbol, Numberseaborgium, Sg, 106Element categorytransition metalsGroup, Period, Block6, 7, dAppearanceunknown, probably silverywhite or metallic grayStandard atomic weight[271] g·mol−1Electron configuration[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d4Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 12, 2Physical propertiesPhasepresumably a solidDensity (near r.t.)unknown g·cm−3Atomic propertiesCrystal structureunknownOxidation states6Atomic radius (calc.)unknown pmCovalent radiusunknown pmMiscellaneousCAS registry number54038-81-2Most-stable isotopesMain article: Isotopes of seaborgiumisoNAhalf-lifeDMDE (MeV)DP271Sgsyn1.9 min67% α8.54267Rf33% SF267Sgsyn1.4 min17% α8.20263Rf83% SF266Sgsyn0.36 sSF265bSgsyn16.2 sα8.70261gRf265aSgsyn8.9 sα8.90,8.84,8.76261Rf264Sgsyn68 msSF263mSgsyn0.9 s87% α9.25259Rf13% SF263gSgsyn0.3 sα9.06259Rf262Sgsyn15 msSF261Sgsyn0.18 s98.1% α9.62,9.55,9.47,9.42,9.37257gRf1.3% ε261Db0.6% SF260Sgsyn3.6 ms26% α9.81,9.77,9.72256Rf74% SF259Sgsyn0.48 sα9.62,9.36,9.03255Rf258Sgsyn2.9 msSFReferencesSeaborgium (pronounced /siːˈbɔrgiəm/) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Sg and atomic number 106, Image of Seaborgium [1]. Seaborgium Common English pronunciation of seaborgiumProblems listening to this file? See media help.Seaborgium is a synthetic element whose most stable isotope 271Sg has a half-life of 1.9 minutes. Chemistry experiments with seaborgium have firmly placed it in group 6 as a heavier homologue to tungsten.Contents1 Official discovery2 Proposed names3 Electronic structure4 Extrapolated chemical properties of eka-tungsten/dvi-molybdenum4.1 Oxidation states4.2 Chemistry5 Experimental chemistry5.1 Gas phase chemistry5.2 Aqueous phase chemistry5.3 Summary of investigated compounds and complex ions6 History of synthesis of isotopes by cold fusion6.1 208Pb(54Cr,xn)262-xSg (x=1,2,3)6.2 207Pb(54Cr,xn)261-xSg (x=1,2)6.3 206Pb(54Cr,xn)260-xSg6.4 208Pb(52Cr,xn)260-xSg (x=1,2)6.5 209Bi(51V,xn)260-xSg (x=2)7 History of synthesis of isotopes by hot fusion7.1 238U(30Si,xn)268-xSg (x=3,4,5,6)7.2 248Cm(22Ne,xn)270-xSg (x=4?,5)7.3 249Cf(18O,xn)267-xSg (x=4)8 Synthesis of isotopes as decay products9 Chronology of isotope discovery10 Isotopes11 Isomerism in seaborgium nuclides11.1 266Sg11.2 265Sg11.3 263Sg12 Spectroscopic decay schemes for seaborgium isotopes12.1 261Sg13 Retracted isotopes13.1 269Sg14 Chemical yields of isotopes14.1 Cold fusion14.2 Hot fusion15 References16 External links//[edit] Official discoveryElement 106 was officially discovered in June 1974 by an American research team led by Albert Ghiorso at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley. They reported creating 263106, with a half-life of 1.0 s, by the hot fusion reaction: A team led by Ken Gregorich at LBNL confirmed the synthesis in 1994.The IUPAC/IUPAP Transfermium Working Group (TWG) officially recognised the LBNL team as discoverers in their 1992 report.[1][edit] Proposed names(main article: Element naming controversy)The Berkeley team suggested the name seaborgium (Sg) to honor the American chemist Glenn T. Seaborg credited as a member of the American group in recognition of his participation in the discovery of several other actinides. The name selected by the team became controversial. An element naming controversy erupted and as a result IUPAC adopted unnilhexium (pronounced /ˌjuːnɪlˈhɛksiəm/ or /ˌʌnɪlˈhɛksiəm/, symbol Unh) as a temporary, systematic element name. In 1994 a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 106 be named rutherfordium and adopted a rule that no element can be named after a living person.[2] This ruling was fiercely objected to by the American Chemical Society. Critics pointed out that a precedent had been set in the naming of einsteinium during Albert Einstein's life and a survey indicated that chemists were not concerned with the fact that Seaborg was still alive. In 1997, as part of a compromise involving elements 104 to 108, the name seaborgium for element 106 was recognized internationally.[3][edit] Electronic structureSeaborgium is element 106 in the Periodic Table. The two forms of the projected electronic structure are:Bohr model: 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 12, 2Quantum mechanical model: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d10 4p65s24d105p66s24f145d10 6p67s25f146d4[edit] Extrapolated chemical properties of eka-tungsten/dvi-molybdenum[edit] Oxidation statesElement 106 is projected to be the third member of the 6d series of transition metals and the heaviest member of group VI in the Periodic Table, below chromium, molybdenum and tungsten. All the members of the group readily portray their group oxidation state of +VI and the state becomes more stable as the group is descended. Thus seaborgium is expected to form a stable +VI state. For this group, stable +V and +IV states are well represented for the heavier members and the +III state is known but reducing, unlike Cr(III).[edit] ChemistryMolybdenum and tungsten readily form stable trioxides MO3 Therefore, seaborgium should form SgO3. The oxides MO3 are soluble in alkali with the formation of oxyanions, so seaborgium should form a seaborgate ion, SgO42-. In addition, WO3 reacts with acid so again eka-tungsten reactivity will show a lack of amphotericity for SgO3. Molybdenum oxide, MoO3, also reacts with moisture to form a hydroxide MoO2(OH)2, so SgO2(OH)2 is also feasible. The heavier homologues readily form the volatile, reactive hexahalides MX6 (X=Cl,F). Only tungsten forms the unstable hexabromide, WBr6. Therefore, the compounds SgF6 and SgCl6 are predicted. An eka-tungsten character may show itself in the formation of a hexabromide, SgBr6. These halides are unstable to oxygen and moisture and readily form volatile oxyhalides, MOX4 and MO2X2. Therefore SgOX4 (X=F,Cl) and SgO2X2 (X=F,Cl) should be possible. In aqueous solution, a variety of anionic oxyfluoro-complexes are formed with fluoride ion, examples being MOF5- and MO3F33-. Similar seaborgium complexes are expected.[edit] Experimental chemistry[edit] Gas phase chemistryInitial experiments aiming at probing the chemistry of seaborgium focused on the study of the gas thermochromatography of a volatile oxychloride. Seaborgium atoms were produced in the reaction 248Cm(22Ne,4n)266Sg, thermalised and reacted with an O2/HCl mixture. The resulting adsorption properties of the oxychloride was measured and compared with those of molybdenum and tungsten. The result indicated that seaborgium formed a volatile oxychloride in a manner akin to the group 6 elements: In 2001, a team continued the study of the gas phase chemsitry of seaborgium by reacting the element with O2 in a H2O environment. In a manner similar to the formation of the oxychloride, the results of the experiment indicated the formation of seaborgium oxide hydroxide, a reaction well-known with lighter group 6 homologues.[4]  [edit] Aqueous phase chemistryIn its aqueous chemistry, seaborgium has been shown to resemble its lighter homologues molybdenum and tungsten in group 6, forming a stable +6 oxidation state. Seaborgium was eluted from cation exchange resin using a HNO3/HF solution, most likely as neutral SgO2F2 or the anionic complex ion [SgO2F3]-. In contrast, in 0.1 M HNO3, seaborgium does not elute, unlike Mo and W, indicating that the hydrolysis of [Sg(H2O)6]6+ only proceeds as far as the cationic complex [Sg(OH)5(H2O]+.[edit] Summary of investigated compounds and complex ionsFormulaNames(s)SgO2Cl2seaborgium oxychloride ; seaborgium(VI) dioxide dichloride ; seaborgyl dichlorideSgO2F2seaborgium oxyfluoride ; seaborgium(VI) dioxide difluoride ; seaborgyl difluorideSgO3seaborgium oxide ; seaborgium(VI) oxide ; seaborgium trioxideSgO2(OH)2seaborgium oxide hydroxide ; seaborgium(VI) dioxide dihydroxide[SgO2F3]-trifluorodioxoseaborgate(VI)[Sg(OH)5(H2O)]+aquapentahydroxyseaborgium(VI)[edit] History of synthesis of isotopes by cold fusion[edit] 208Pb(54Cr,xn)262-xSg (x=1,2,3)The first attempt to synthesise element 106 in cold fusion reactions was performed in September 1974 by a Soviet team led by G. N. Flerov at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna. They reported producing a 0.48 s spontaneous fission (SF) activity which they assigned to the isotope 259106. Based on later evidence it was suggested that the team most likely measured the decay of 260Sg and its daughter 256Rf. The TWG concluded that, at the time, the results were insufficiently convincing.[1]The Dubna team revisited this problem in 1983-1984 and were able to detect a 5 ms SF activity assigned directly to 260Sg.[1]The team at GSI studied this reaction for the first time in 1985 using the improved method of correlation of genetic parent-daughter decays. They were able to detect 261Sg (x=1) and 260Sg and measured a partial 1n neutron evaporation excitation function. [5]In December 2000, the reaction was studied by a team at GANIL, France and were able to detect 10 atoms of 261Sg and 2 atoms of 260Sg to add to previous data on the reaction.After a facility upgrade, the GSI team measured the 1n excitation function in 2003 using a metallic lead target. Of significance, in May 2003, the team successfully replaced the lead-208 target with more resistant lead(II) sulfide targets (PbS) which will allow more intense beams to be used in the future. They were able to measure the 1n,2n and 3n excitation functions and performed the first detailed alpha-gamma spectroscopy on the isotope 261Sg. They detected ~1600 atoms of the isotope and identified new alpha lines as well as measuring a more accurate half-life and new EC and SF branchings. Furthermore, they were able to detect the K X-rays from the daughter rutherfordium element for the first time. They were also able to provide improved data for 260Sg, including the tentative observation of an isomeric level. The study was continued in September 2005 and March 2006. The accumulated work on 261Sg was published in 2007. [6] Work in September 2005 also aimed to begin spectroscopic studies on 260Sg.[edit] 207Pb(54Cr,xn)261-xSg (x=1,2)The team at Dubna also studied this reaction in 1974 with identical results as for their first experiments with a Pb-208 target. The SF activities were first assigned to 259Sg and later to 260Sg and/or 256Rf. Further work in 1983-1984 also detected a 5 ms SF activity assigned to the parent 260Sg.[1]The GSI team studied this reaction for the first time in 1985 using the method of correlation of genetic parent-daughter decays. They were able to positively identify 259Sg as a product from the 2n neutron evaporation channel.[5]The reaction was further used in March 2005 using PbS targets to begin a spectroscopic study of the even-even isotope 260Sg.[edit] 206Pb(54Cr,xn)260-xSgThis reaction was studied in 1974 by the team at Dubna. It was used to assist them in their assignment of the observed SF activities in reactions using Pb-207 and Pb-208 targets. They were unable to detect any SF, indicating the formation of isotopes decaying primarily by alpha decay.[1][edit] 208Pb(52Cr,xn)260-xSg (x=1,2)The team at Dubna also studied this reaction in their series of cold fusion reactions performed in 1974. Once again they were unable to detect any SF activities.[1] The reaction was revisited in 2006 by the team at LBNL as part of their studies on the effect of the isospin of the projectile and hence the mass number of the compound nucleus on the yield of evaporation residues. They were able to identify 259Sg and 258Sg in their measurement of the 1n excitation function.[7][edit] 209Bi(51V,xn)260-xSg (x=2)The team at Dubna also studied this reaction in their series of cold fusion reactions performed in 1974. Once again they were unable to detect any SF activities.[1] In 1994, the synthesis of seaborgium was revisited using this reaction by the GSI team, in order to study the new even-even isotope 258Sg. Ten atoms of 258Sg were detected and decayed by spontaneous fission.[edit] History of synthesis of isotopes by hot fusion[edit] 238U(30Si,xn)268-xSg (x=3,4,5,6)This reaction was first studied by Japanese scientists at the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) in 1998. They detected a spontaneous fission activity which they tentatively assigned to the new isotope 264Sg or 263Db, formed by EC of 263Sg.[8] In 2006, the teams at GSI and LBNL both studied this reaction using the method of correlation of genetic parent-daughter decays. The LBNL team measured an excitation function for the 4n,5n and 6n channels, whilst the GSI team were able to observe an additional 3n activity.[9][10][11] Both teams were able to identify the new isotope 264Sg which decayed with a short lifetime by spontaneous fission.[edit] 248Cm(22Ne,xn)270-xSg (x=4?,5)In 1993, at Dubna, Yuri Lazarev and his team announced the discovery of long-lived 266Sg and 265Sg produced in the 4n and 5n channels of this nuclear reaction following the search for seaborgium isotopes suitable for a first chemical study. It was announced that 266Sg decayed by 8.57 MeV alpha-particle emission with a projected half-life of ~20 s, lending strong support to the stabilising effect of the Z=108,N=162 closed shells.[12] This reaction was studied further in 1997 by a team at GSI and the yield, decay mode and half-lives for 266Sg and 265Sg have been confirmed, although there are still some discrepancies. In the recent synthesis of 270Hs (see hassium), 266Sg was found to undergo exclusively SF with a short half-life (TSF = 360 ms). It is possible that this is the ground state, (266gSg) and that the other activity, produced directly, belongs to a high spin K-isomer, 266mSg, but further results are required to confirm this.A recent re-evaluation of the decay characteristics of 265Sg and 266Sg has suggested that all decays to date in this reaction were in fact from 265Sg, which exists in two isomeric forms. The first, 265aSg has a principal alpha-line at 8.85 MeV and a calculated half-life of 8.9 s, whilst 265bSg has a decay energy of 8.70 MeV and a half-life of 16.2 s. Both isomeric levels are populated when produced directly. Data from the decay of 269Hs indicates that 265bSg is produced during the decay of 269Hs and that 265bSg decays into the shorter-lived 261gRf isotope. This means that the observation of 266Sg as a long-lived alpha emitter is retracted and that it does indeed undergo fission in a short time.Regardless of these assignments, the reaction has been successfully used in the recent attempts to study the chemistry of seaborgium (see below).[edit] 249Cf(18O,xn)267-xSg (x=4)The synthesis of element 106 was first attempted in 1974 by the team at LBNL. In their discovery experiment, they were able to apply the new method of correlation of genetic parent-daughter decays to identify the new isotope 263Sg. In 1975, the team at Oak Ridge were able to confirm the decay data but were unable to identify coincident X-rays in order to prove that seaborgium as produced. In 1979, the team at Dubna studied the reaction by detection of SF activities. In comparison with data from Berkeley, they calculated a 70% SF branching for 263Sg. The synthesis and discovery reaction was confirmed in 1994 by a different team at LBNL. [13][edit] Synthesis of isotopes as decay productsIsotopes of seaborgium have also been observed in the decay of heavier elements. Observations to date are summarised in the table below:Evaporation ResidueObserved Sg isotope291116 , 287114 , 283112271Sg271Hs267Sg270Hs266Sg277Uub , 273Ds , 269Hs265Sg271Ds , 267Ds263Sg270Ds262Sg269Ds , 265Hs261Sg264Hs260Sg[edit] Chronology of isotope discoveryIsotopeYear discovereddiscovery reaction258Sg1994209Bi(51V,2n)259Sg1985207Pb(54Cr,2n)260Sg1985208Pb(54Cr,2n)261Sg1985208Pb(54Cr,n)262Sg2001207Pb(64Ni,n) [14]263Sgm1974249Cf(18O,4n)263Sgg1994208Pb(64Ni,n) [14]264Sg2006238U(30Si,4n)265Sg1993248Cm(22Ne,5n)266Sg2004248Cm(26Mg,4n)267Sg2004248Cm(26Mg,3n) [15]268Sgunknown269Sgunknown270Sgunknown271Sg2003242Pu(48Ca,3n) [16][edit] IsotopesMain article: Isotopes of seaborgiumThere are 11 known isotopes of seaborgium (excluding meta-stable and K-spin isomers). The longest-lived is 271Sg which decays through alpha decay and spontaneous fission. It has a half-life of 1.9 minutes. The shortest-lived isotope is 258Sg which also decays through alpha decay and spontaneous fission. It has a half-life of 2.9 ms.[edit] Isomerism in seaborgium nuclides[edit] 266SgInitial work identified an 8.63 MeV alpha-decaying activity with a half-life of ~21s and assigned to the ground state of 266Sg. Later work identified a nuclide decaying by 8.52 and 8.77 MeV alpha emission with a half-life of ~21s, which is unusual for an even-even nuclide. Recent work on the synthesis of 270Hs identified 266Sg decaying by SF with a short 360 ms half-life. The recent work on 277112 and 269Hs has provided new information on the decay of 265Sg and 261Rf. This work suggested that the initial 8.77 MeV activity should be reassigned to 265Sg. Therefore the current information suggests that the SF activity is the ground state and the 8.52 MeV activity is a high spin K-isomer. Further work is required to confirm these assignments. A recent re-evaluation of the data has suggested that the 8.52 MeV activity should be associated with 265Sg and that 266Sg only undergoes fission.[edit] 265SgThe recent direct synthesis of 265Sg resulted in four alpha-lines at 8.94,8.84,8.76 and 8.69 MeV with a half-life of 7.4 seconds. The observation of the decay of 265Sg from the decay of 277112 and 269Hs indicated that the 8.69 MeV line may be associated with an isomeric level with an associated half-life of ~ 20 s. It is plausible that this level is causing confusion between assignments of 266Sg and 265Sg since both can decay to fissioning rutherfordium isotopes.A recent re-evaluation of the data has indicated that there are indeed two isomers, one with a principal decay energy of 8.85 MeV with a half-life of 8.9 s, and a second isomer which decays with energy 8.70 MeV with a half-life of 16.2 s.[edit] 263SgThe discovery synthesis of 263Sg resulted in an alpha-line at 9.06 MeV. Observation of this nuclide by decay of 271gDs, 271mDs and 267Hs has confirmed an isomer decaying by 9.25 MeV alpha emission. The 9.06 MeV decay was also confirmed. The 9.06 MeV activity has been assigned to the ground state isomer with an associated half-life of 0.3 s. The 9.25 MeV activity has been assigned to an isomeric level decaying with a half-life of 0.9 s.Recent work on the synthesis of 271g,mDs was resulted in some confusing data regarding the decay of 267Hs. In one such decay, 267Hs decayed to 263Sg which decayed by alpha emission with a half-life of ~ 6 s. This activity has not yet been positively assigned to an isomer and further research is required.[edit] Spectroscopic decay schemes for seaborgium isotopes[edit] 261Sg  This is the currently accepted decay scheme for 261Sg from the study by Streicher et al. at GSI in 2003-2006[edit] Retracted isotopes[edit] 269SgIn the claimed synthesis of 293118 in 1999 the isotope 269Sg was identified as a daughter product. It decayed by 8.74 MeV alpha emission with a half-life of 22 s. The claim was retracted in 2001 and thus this seaborgium isotope is currently unknown or unconfirmed. [17][edit] Chemical yields of isotopes[edit] Cold fusionThe table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for cold fusion reactions producing seaborgium isotopes directly. Data in bold represents maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel.ProjectileTargetCN1n2n3n54Cr207Pb261Sg54Cr208Pb262Sg4.23 nb , 13.0 MeV500 pb10 pb51V209Bi260Sg38 pb , 21.5 MeV52Cr208Pb260Sg281 pb , 11.0 MeV[edit] Hot fusionThe table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for hot fusion reactions producing seaborgium isotopes directly. Data in bold represents maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel.ProjectileTargetCN3n4n5n6n30Si238U268Sg+9 pb, 40.0~ 80 pb , 51.0 MeV~30 pb , 58.0 MeV22Ne248Cm270Sg~25 pb~250 pb18O249Cf267Sg+[edit] References^ a b c d e f g http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1993/pdf/6508x1757.pdf (TWG report)^ http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1994/pdf/6612x2419.pdf (IUPAC 1994 recomm)^ http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1997/pdf/6912x2471.pdf (IUPAC 1997 recomm)^ "Physico-chemical characterization of seaborgium as oxide hydroxide", Huebener et al., Radiochim. Acta, 89, 737–741 (2001).Retrieved on 2008-02-29^ a b "The isotopes 259106,260106, and 261106", Munzenberg et al., Z. Phys. A, 1985, 322, 2.Retrieved on 2008-02-29^ "Alpha-Gamma Decay Studies of 261Sg", Streicher et al., Acta Physica Polonica B, vol. 38, Issue 4, p.1561, 2007. Retrieved on 2008-03-04^ "Measurement of the 208Pb(52Cr,n)259Sg Excitation Function", Folden et al., LBNL Annual Report 2005. Retrieved on 2008-02-29^ "First evidence for a new spontaneous fission decay produced in the reaction 30Si +238U", Ikezoe et al., Eur. Phys. J. A., 1998, 2, 4. Retrieved on 2008-02-29^ "Production of seaborgium isotopes in the reaction of 30Si + 238U", Nishio et al., GSI Annual Report 2006. Retrieved on 2008-02-29^ "Measurement of evaporation residue cross-sections of the reaction 30Si + 238U at subbarrier energies", Nishio et al., Eur. Phys. J. A, 29, 281-287 (2006). Retrieved on 2008-02-29^ "New isotope 264Sg and decay properties of 262-264Sg", Gregorich et al., LBNL repositories. Retrieved on 2008-02-29^ "Discovery of Enhanced Nuclear Stability near the Deformed Shells N=162 and Z=108", Lazarev et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 73, 624-627 (1994).Retrieved on 2008-02-29^ "First confirmation of the discovery of element 106", Gregorich et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 1423-1426 (1994). Retrieved on 2008-03-04^ a b see darmstadtium^ see hassium^ see ununquadium^ see ununoctium[edit] External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: SeaborgiumWebElements.com - Seaborgiumv • d • ePeriodic tableH HeLiBe BCNOFNeNaMg AlSiPSClArKCa ScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKrRbSr YZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuHfTaWReOsIrPtAuHgTlPbBiPoAtRnFrRaAcThPaUNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLrRfDbSgBhHsMtDsRgUubUutUuqUupUuhUusUuoUueUbn Alkali metalsAlkaline earth metalsLanthanoidsActinoidsTransition metalsOther metalsMetalloidsOther nonmetalsHalogensNoble gasesRetrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaborgium" Categories: Chemical elements | Transition metals | Glenn T. Seaborg | Synthetic elements Views Article Discussion Edit this page History Personal tools Log in / create account if (window.isMSIE55) fixalpha(); Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Interaction About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Donate to Wikipedia Help Toolbox What links here Related changesUpload fileSpecial pages Printable version Permanent linkCite this page Languages العربية বাংলা Беларуская Bosanski Català Česky Corsu Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Furlan Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kurdî / كوردی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lojban Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk (bokmål) Norsk (nynorsk) Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / Srpski Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文   This page was last modified on 1 December 2008, at 00:24. 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