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Title: Chemistry/Elements/Calcium - EnvironmentalChemistry.com: Calcium Atomic structure, chemical and physical properties, and table of nuclides.
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Periodic Table of Elements: Calcium – Ca (EnvironmentalChemistry.com)
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Periodic Table of ElementsElement Calcium – CaComprehensive data on the chemical element Calcium is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Calcium.
Common chemical compounds are also provided for many elements. In addition technical terms are linked to their definitions and the menu contains links to related articles that are a great aid in one studies.
Using the "Periodic Table of Elements Quick Navigation" graphic at the bottom of the sidebar menu, one can quickly jump from chemical element to chemical element.
Calcium Menu
Calcium Page One
Overview of Calcium
Calcium's Name in Other Languages
Atomic Structure of Calcium
Chemical Properties of Calcium
Physical Properties of Calcium
Regulatory / Health
Who/When/Where/How
Calcium Page Two
Nuclides / Isotopes
Potential Parent Nuclides
Calcium Page Three
Common Chemical Compounds of Calcium
Overview of Calcium
Atomic Number:20
Group: 2
Period: 4
Series: Alkali Earth Metals
Calcium's Name in Other LanguagesLatin: CalciumCzech: VápníkCroatian: KalcijFrench:
CalciumGerman: Kalzium - rItalian: CalcioNorwegian: KalsiumPortuguese: Cálcio
Russian:  Spanish: CalcioSwedish:
Kalcium
Atomic Structure of Calcium
Atomic Radius: 2.23Å
Atomic Volume: 29.9cm3/mol
Covalent Radius: 1.74Å
Cross Section (Thermal Neutron Capture) a/barns: 0.43
Crystal Structure: Cubic face centered
Electron Configuration:1s2
2s2p6
3s2p6
4s2
Electrons per Energy Level: 2,8,8,2
Shell Model
Ionic Radius: 0.99Å
Filling Orbital: 4s2
Number of Electrons (with no charge): 20
Number of Neutrons (most common/stable nuclide): 20
Number of Protons: 20
Oxidation States: 2
Valence Electrons: 4s2
Electron Dot Model
Chemical Properties of Calcium
Electrochemical Equivalent: 0.7477g/amp-hr
Electron Work Function: 2.87eV
Electronegativity: 1 (Pauling); 1.04 (Allrod Rochow)
Heat of Fusion: 8.54kJ/mol
Incompatibilities:water, oxidizers, acids, air, chlorine, chlorine tri-fluoride, fluorine, oxygen, silicon, sulfur
Ionization PotentialFirst: 6.113Second: 11.871Third: 50.908
Valence Electron Potential (-eV): 29
Physical Properties of Calcium
Atomic Mass Average: 40.078
Boiling Point: 1757K 1484°C 2703°F
Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion/K-1: 22E-6
ConductivityElectrical: 0.298 106/cm  Thermal: 2.01 W/cmK
Density: 1.55g/cc @ 300K
Description: silvery, soft metal, tarnishes to grayish white after exposure to air.
Elastic Modulus:Bulk: 17/GPaRigidity: 7.4/GPaYoungs: 20/GPa
Enthalpy of Atomization: 184 kJ/mole @ 25°C
Enthalpy of Fusion: 8.54 kJ/mole
Enthalpy of Vaporization: 150 kJ/mole
Flammablity Class: Flammable solid
Freezing Point: see melting point
Hardness ScaleBrinell: 167 MN m-2Mohs: 1.75
Heat of Vaporization: 153.6kJ/mol
Melting Point: 1112K 839°C 1542°F
Molar Volume: 26.02 cm3/mole
Physical State (at 20°C & 1atm): Solid
Specific Heat: 0.632J/gK
Vapor Pressure = 254Pa@839°C
Regulatory / Health
CAS Number
7440-70-2
RTECS: EV8040000NFPA 704Health: 1Fire: 1Reactivity:
2Special Hazard: OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)No limits set by OSHA
OSHA PEL Vacated 1989No limits set by OSHA
NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL)No limits set by NIOSH
Levels In Humans:Note: this data represents naturally occuring levels of elements in the typical human, it DOES NOT represent recommended daily allowances.Blood/mg dm-3: 60.5Bone/p.p.m: 170000Liver/p.p.m: 100-360Muscle/p.p.m: 140-700Daily Dietary Intake: 600-1400 mgTotal Mass In Avg. 70kg
human: 1 kg
Who / Where / When / HowDiscoverer: Sir Humphrey DavyDiscovery Location: London England
Discovery Year: 1808Name Origin: Latin: calx, calcis (lime).
Abundance of Calcium:Earth's Crust/p.p.m.: 41000
Seawater/p.p.m.: 390
Atmosphere/p.p.m.: N/A
Sun (Relative to H=1E12): 2240000
Sources of Calcium:Obtained from minerals like chalk, limestone & marble. Very abundant. Makes up 3.5% of crust. Occurs only in compounds. World production in 2000 was around 112,000,000 tons (CaO). Calcium is mined almost everywhere.
Uses of Calcium:Used for dehydrating oils, decarburization and desulfurization of iron and its alloys, getter in vacuum tubes. Also used as an alloying agent for aluminum, copper and lead, a reducing agent for beryllium and used in fertilizer, concrete & plaster of paris. Calcium is an
essential component shells, bones, teeth and plant structures.
Additional Notes:Calcium was prepared as lime by the Romans under the name calyx in the 1st century A.D., but the metal was not discovered until 1808. Berzelius and Pontin prepared calcium amalgam by electrolizing lime in mercury. Davy was then successful in
isolating the impure metal. Why did it take so long? Calcium is the fifth most abundant metalic element in the earth's crust, but is never found in the elemental form because it is so reactive. It is found in limestone (CaCO3) gypsum (CaSO4. 2H2O) and fluorite (CaF2). Pure
calcium is a shiny soft metal that will react violently with water to produce hydrogen.
[Last update: 2/22/2007]Notes below
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Calcium Menu
Calcium Page One
Overview of Calcium
Calcium's Name in Other Languages
Atomic Structure of Calcium
Chemical Properties of Calcium
Physical Properties of Calcium
Regulatory / Health
Who/When/Where/How
Calcium Page Two
Nuclides / Isotopes
Potential Parent Nuclides
Calcium Page Three
Common Chemical Compounds of Calcium
Related Resources
Anatomy of the Atom
Answers many questions regarding the structure of atoms.
Molarity, Molality and Normality
Introduces stoichiometry and explains the differences between molarity, molality and normality.
Molar Mass Calculations and Javascript Calculator
Molar mass calculations are explained and there is a JavaScript calculator to aid calculations.
Chemical Database
This database focuses on the most common chemical compounds used in the home and industry.
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