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Title: Chemistry/Elements/Sodium - Lenntech: Sodium Physical data, chemical properties, health and environmental effects.
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Sodium Data tables and historic information.
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| Radiochemistry_of_Sodium Full text of the monograph by W. T. Mullins and G. W. Leddicotte (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee). [PDF] (March, 1962)
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Sodium (Na) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects
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Sodium - Na
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Chemical properties of sodium - Health
effects of sodium - Environmental
effects of sodium
Atomic number
11
Atomic mass
22.98977 g.mol -1
Electronegativity
according to Pauling
0.9
Density
0.97 g.cm -3 at 20 °C
Melting point
97.5 °C
Boiling point
883 °C
Vanderwaals
radius
0.196 nm
Ionic radius
0.095 (+1) nm
Isotopes
3
Electronic
shell
[Ne] 3s1
Energy of
first ionisation
495.7 kJ.mol -1
Standard
potential
- 2.71 V
Discovered by
Sir Humphrey Davy in 1807
Sodium
Chemical element, symbol: Na, atomic number: 11 and atomic weight
22,9898. It’s a soft metal, reactive and with a low melting point,
with a relative density of 0,97 at 20ºC (68ºF). From the commercial
point of view, sodium is the most important of all the alkaline metals.
Sodium reacts quickly with water, and also with snow and ice, to
produce sodium hydroxide and hydrogen. When it’s exposed to air,
metallic sodium recently cut looses its silvery appearance and acquires
an opaque grey colour due to the formation of a sodium oxide coating.
Sodium doesn’t react with nitrogen, not even at very high
temperatures, but it can react with ammonia to form sodium amide. Sodium
and hydrogen react above 200ºC (390ºF) to form sodium hydride. Sodium
hardly reacts with carbon, but it does react with halogens. It also
reacts with various metallic halides to form the metal and sodium
chloride. Sodium doesn’t react with paraffinic hydrocarbons, but it
forms addition compounds with naphthalene and other aromatic polycyclic
compounds and with aryl alkenes. The reaction of sodium with alcohols is
similar to the reaction of sodium with water, but slower. There are two
general reactions with organic halides. One of them requires the
condensation of two organic compounds, which form halogens when those
are eliminated. The second type of reaction includes the replacement of
halogen by sodium, to obtain a sodium organic compound.
Applications
Sodium in its metallic form is very important in making
esters and in the manufacture of organic compounds. Sodium is also a component of sodium chloride (NaCl)
a very important compount found everywhere in the living environment.
Other uses are: to improve the structure of certain alloys; in soap,
in combination with fatty acids, in sodium vapor lamps, to descal
metals, to purify molten metals.
Solid sodium carbonate is needed to make glass.
Sodium in the enviornment
Sodium is the sixth most abundant element in The Earth’s crust,
which contains 2,83% of sodium in all its forms. Sodium is, after
chloride, the second most abundant element dissolved in seawater. The
most important sodium salts found in nature are sodium chloride (halite
or rock
salt), sodium carbonate (trona or soda), sodium borate (borax), sodium nitrate
and sodium sulfate. Sodium salts are found in seawater (1.05%), salty lakes,
alkaline lakes and mineral spring water.
The production of salt is around 200 million tonnes per year; this huge
amount is mainly extracted from salt deposits by pumping water down bore
holes to dissolve it and pumping up brine.
The sun and many other stars shine with visible light in which the
yellow component dominates and this is given out by sodium atoms in a
high-energy state.
Health
effects of sodium
Sodium
is a compound of many foodstuffs, for instance of common salt. It is
necessary for humans to maintain the balance of the physical fluids
system. Sodium is also required for nerve and muscle functioning. Too
much sodium can damage our kidneys and increases the chances of high
blood pressure.
The amount of sodium a person consumes each day varies from individual
to individual and from culture to culture; some people get as little as
2 g/day, some as much as 20 grams. Sodium is essential, but
controversely surrounds the amount required.
Contact
of sodium with water, including perspiration causes the formation of
sodium hydroxide fumes, which are highly irritating to skin, eyes, nose
and throat. This may cause sneezing and coughing. Very severe exposures
may result in difficult breathing, coughing and chemical bronchitis.
Contact to the skin may cause itching, tingling, thermal and caustic
burns and permanent damage. Contact with eyes may result in permanent
damage and loss of sight.
Environmental
effects of sodium
Sodium's powdered form is highly explosive in water and a poison
combined and uncombined with many other elements.
Ecotoxicity:
Median tolerance limit (TLM) for the mosquito fish, 125 ppm/96hr (fresh
water); Median tolerance limit (TLM) for the bluegill, 88 mg/48hr (tap
water).
Environmental
fate: this chemical is not mobile in solid form, although it absorbs
moisture very easily. Once liquid, sodium hydroxide leaches rapidly into
the soil, possibly contaminating water sources.
Read more on sodium
in waterBack
to chart
periodic elements.
Recommended daily intake of
sodium
[ Home
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Information or question on Sodium? ]
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Lenntech Water treatment & air purification Holding
B.V.
Rotterdamseweg 402 M
2629 HH Delft, The Netherlands
tel: (+31)(0)15 26.10.900
fax: (+31)(0)15 26.16.289
e-mail: info@lenntech.com
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