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Title: Chemistry/Elements/Hydrogen - Chemical of the Week: Hydrogen Equations for reactions between hydrogen and other substances.
ChemicalElements_com__Hydrogen Basic information, atomic structure, and table of isotopes.

EnvironmentalChemistry_com__Hydrogen Atomic structure, chemical and physical properties, and table of nuclides.

Especiál_Gas_Inc___Hydrogen Numeric data, uses, and general information.

Hydrogen Data tables and historic information.

Hydrogen_Energies_and_Spectrum The Bohr model for an electron transition in hydrogen between quantized energy levels with different quantum numbers n yields a photon by emission with quantum energy.

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Chemical of the Week -- Hydrogen Chemical of the Week HYDROGEN -- H2 Hydrogen is an important commercial chemical. It is prepared industrially by two processes: the "water gas reaction" using coke and water (equation 1), and the steam reforming process using natural gas and water (equation 2). Both reactions require high temperatures. C(s) + H2O(g) --> CO(g) + H2(g) (1) CH4(g) + H2O(g) --> CO(g) + 3 H2(g) (2) The mixture of products from these two reactions is often called synthesis gas or syngas. The carbon monoxide in this gaseous mixture can be made to react with more water in the "water gas shift reaction" (equation 3) to produce hydrogen and CO2. CO(g) + H2O(g) --> CO2(g) + H2(g) (3) The CO2 is then easily removed by passing this gas through a solution of sodium hydroxide. The carbon dioxide reacts and dissolves (equation 4), leaving pure hydrogen. CO2(g) + 2 OH(aq) --> CO32(aq) + H2O(l) (4) A subject of much current interest in chemistry is the conversion of synthesis gas (CO + H2) to other products such as methanol (equation 5) and liquid hydrocarbons (equation 6). These substances could be used as synthetic fuels, such as substitutes for gasoline. CO(g) + 2 H2(g) --> CH3OH(l) (5) n CO(g) + 2n+1 H2(g) --> CnH2n+2(l) + n H2O(l) (6) In the laboratory, hydrogen is easily prepared by the reaction of a reactive metal such as zinc or magnesium with an acid (equation 7). It can also be obtained by electrolysis of water (equation 8). These methods are too expensive for use in commercial production of H2. Zn(s) + 2 H+(aq) --> Zn2+(aq) + H2(g) (7) 2 H2O(l) --> 2 H2(g) + O2(g) (8) Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless gas. It is the least dense gas, having a density of 0.089 g/liter at 0°C and 1 atmosphere (standard temperature and pressure, STP). It is not very soluble in water; only 1.9 mg dissolves in a liter of water at 0°C. It reacts vigorously with many elements including oxygen and halogens, as was demonstrated in lecture (equations 9 and 10). spark H2(g) + ½ O2(g) --> H2O(g) (9) light H2(g) + Cl2(g) --> 2 HCl(g) (10) At high temperatures, H2 reacts with metal oxides to form water vapor and metal. For example, as shown in lecture, hot copper oxide is reduced to copper metal by hydrogen (equation 11). high temp CuO(s) + H2(g) --> Cu(s) + H2O(g) (11) The copper oxide used in lecture was formed by heating copper in air. Hydrogen also reacts with active metals such as sodium to give a group of compounds known as metal hydrides, which contain the hydride anion, H - (equation 12). 2 Na(s) + H2(g) --> 2 NaH(s) (12) About 40% of the hydrogen produced industrially is used in the preparation of ammonia by the Haber process. Ammonia's primary use is as an agricultural fertilizer. A large portion of manufactured ammonia is also used in the production of nitric acid. Oxidation of NH3 gives H2O and NO2, and the latter can be converted to nitric acid, HNO3. REFERENCES B. Z. Shakhashiri, Chemical Demonstrations: A Handbook for Teachers of Chemistry, Volume 1, pp.106, 121, University of Wisconsin Press (1983). B. Z. Shakhashiri, Chemical Demonstrations: A Handbook for Teachers of Chemistry, Volume 2, p.131, University of Wisconsin Press (1985). B. Z. Shakhashiri and R. Schreiner, Instructors Guide to accompany Shakhashiri Chemical Demonstrations Videotapes, p.16, Saunders College Publishing (1991).
 

Equations

for

reactions

between

hydrogen

and

other

substances.

http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/HYDROGEN/hydrogen.html

Chemical of the Week: Hydrogen 2008 December

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Equations for reactions between hydrogen and other substances.

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