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Title: Chemistry/Elements/Ruthenium - EnvironmentalChemistry.com: Ruthenium Atomic structure, chemical and physical properties, and table of nuclides.
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Periodic Table of Elements: Ruthenium – Ru (EnvironmentalChemistry.com)
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Periodic Table of ElementsElement Ruthenium – RuComprehensive data on the chemical element Ruthenium is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Ruthenium.
Common chemical compounds are also provided for many elements. In addition technical terms are linked to their definitions and the menu contains links to related articles that are a great aid in one studies.
Using the "Periodic Table of Elements Quick Navigation" graphic at the bottom of the sidebar menu, one can quickly jump from chemical element to chemical element.
Ruthenium Menu
Ruthenium Page One
Overview of Ruthenium
Ruthenium's Name in Other Languages
Atomic Structure of Ruthenium
Chemical Properties of Ruthenium
Physical Properties of Ruthenium
Regulatory / Health
Who/When/Where/How
Ruthenium Page Two
Nuclides / Isotopes
Potential Parent Nuclides
Overview of Ruthenium
Atomic Number:44
Group: 8
Period: 5
Series: Transition Metals
Ruthenium's Name in Other LanguagesLatin: RutheniumCzech: RutheniumCroatian: RutenijFrench:
RuthéniumGerman: Ruthenium - sItalian: RutenioNorwegian: RutheniumPortuguese: Rutênio
Russian:  Spanish: RutenioSwedish:
Rutenium
Atomic Structure of Ruthenium
Atomic Radius: 1.89Å
Atomic Volume: 8.3cm3/mol
Covalent Radius: 1.25Å
Cross Section (Thermal Neutron Capture)  a/barns: 2.56
Crystal Structure: Hexagonal
Electron Configuration:1s2
2s2p6
3s2p6d10
4s2p6d7
5s1
Electrons per Energy Level: 2,8,18,15,1
Shell Model
Ionic Radius: 0.68Å
Filling Orbital: 4d7
Number of Electrons (with no charge): 44
Number of Neutrons (most common/stable nuclide): 57
Number of Protons: 44
Oxidation States: 2,3,4,6,8
Valence Electrons: 4d7 5s1
Electron Dot Model
Chemical Properties of Ruthenium
Electrochemical Equivalent: 1.257g/amp-hr
Electron Work Function: 4.71eV
Electronegativity: 2.2 (Pauling); 1.42 (Allrod Rochow)
Heat of Fusion: 24kJ/mol
Incompatibilities:
Ionization PotentialFirst: 7.37Second: 16.76Third: 28.47
Valence Electron Potential (-eV): 64
Physical Properties of Ruthenium
Atomic Mass Average: 101.07
Boiling Point: 4173K 3900°C 7052°F
Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion/K-1: 9.1E-6
ConductivityElectrical: 0.137 106/cm  Thermal: 1.17 W/cmK
Density: 12.37g/cc @ 300K
Description:Rare hard brittle silvery metal, which is unaffected by air water and acids, but is dissolved by molten alkalis.
Elastic Modulus:Bulk: 286/GPaRigidity: 173/GPaYoungs: 432/GPa
Enthalpy of Atomization: 603 kJ/mole @ 25°C
Enthalpy of Fusion: 25.5 kJ/mole
Enthalpy of Vaporization: 567.8 kJ/mole
Flammablity Class:
Freezing Point: see melting point
Hardness ScaleBrinell: 2160 MN m-2Mohs: 6.5
Heat of Vaporization: 595kJ/mol
Melting Point: 2523K 2250°C 4082°F
Molar Volume: 8.22 cm3/mole
Physical State (at 20°C & 1atm): Solid
Specific Heat: 0.238J/gK
Vapor Pressure = 1.4Pa@2250°C
Regulatory / Health
CAS Number
7440-18-8
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)No limits set by OSHA
OSHA PEL Vacated 1989No limits set by OSHA
NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL)No limits set by NIOSH
Levels In Humans:Note: this data represents naturally occuring levels of elements in the typical human, it DOES NOT represent recommended daily allowances.Blood/mg dm-3: n/aBone/p.p.m: n/aLiver/p.p.m: n/aMuscle/p.p.m: n/aDaily Dietary Intake: n/aTotal Mass In Avg. 70kg human:
n/a
Discovery Year: 1808Name Origin:From Ruthenia Latin name of Russia.
Abundance of Ruthenium:Earth's Crust/p.p.m.: 0.001
Seawater/p.p.m.: N/A
Atmosphere/p.p.m.: N/A
Sun (Relative to H=1E12): 67.6
Sources of Ruthenium:Found in pentlandite and pyroxinite. Produced as a by-product of nickel refining. Around 0.12 tons are produced world wide on an annual basis. Primary mining areas are South Africa, Russia, Canada, USA and Zimbabwe.
Uses of Ruthenium: Used to harden platinum and palladium. Also used in eye treatments, thickness meters for egg shells, fountain pen points, and electrical contacts. Aircraft magnetos use platinum alloy with 10% ruthenium.
Additional Notes:Some sources credit G.W. Osann of discovering ruthenium at the University of Tartu Russia in 1928, but this is was really only a "rediscovery".
[Last update: 2/22/2007]Notes below
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Ruthenium Menu
Ruthenium Page One
Overview of Ruthenium
Ruthenium's Name in Other Languages
Atomic Structure of Ruthenium
Chemical Properties of Ruthenium
Physical Properties of Ruthenium
Regulatory / Health
Who/When/Where/How
Ruthenium Page Two
Nuclides / Isotopes
Potential Parent Nuclides
Related Resources
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