| WebElements__Ruthenium Extensive information on history, uses, occurrence, compounds, and properties. |
| Wikipedia__Ruthenium Properties of the element, including its history, applications, and characteristics. |
| Addresses_of_Coptologists Contact information, including email addresses, of Coptologists, from the International Association for Coptic Studies. |
| Adkins,_Lesley_and_Roy Archaeologists and authors of The Keys of Egypt and other books on archaeology, history and hieroglyphs. |
| Bankes,_William_John_(1786-1855) A biography of the explorer who traveled to Egypt and Nubia in the early 19th century and became an early Egyptian epigrapher. |
| Bell,_Lanny Professor of Egyptology at Brown University. Photograph, interests and publications. |
| Brovarski,_Edward Professor of Egyptology at Brown University. Interests and publications. |
| Depuydt,_Leo Associate Professor at Brown University, interested in Egyptian history and grammar. Photograph and publications. |
| Directory_of_Institutions_and_Scholars_Involved_in_Demotic_Studies Extensive list with contact information from the Oriental Institute, University of Chicago. |
| Directory_of_North_American_Egyptologists Find individuals, institutions, and dissertations relating to American Egyptology. Sponsored by Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago and the University of Arizona Egyptian Expedition. |
| Dodson,_Aiden Profile of this University of Bristol Visiting Fellow. Research interests include Egyptian funerary archaeology, dynastic history, and the history of Egyptology. |
| Email_Addresses_of_Australian_Egyptologists Listed alphabetically. |
| Fildes,_Alan Articles, photo gallery, and links from this specialist in the Old Kingdom with a particular interest in pyramid sites and their related mastaba fields. |
| Gardiner,_Alan_(1879-1963) Biography of one of the premier Egyptologists of the early twentieth century. |
| Lesko,_Leonard_H_ Charles Edwin Wilbour Professor of Egyptology and Chairman of the Department of Egyptology at Brown University. Biographical information as well as interests and publications. |
| Naville,_Henri_Edouard_(1844-1926) Profile of this University of Geneva professor who was the vice-president of the Egypt Exploration Society and a Foreign Associate of the Institute of France. |
| Piccione,_Peter_A_ Assistant Professor of Comparative Ancient History, University of Charleston. Photographs and biographical abstract of this Egyptologist. |
| Redford,_Donald Curriculum vitae of the Professor of Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies, Penn State University. |
| Romer,__John Photographs, brief biography and bibliography of the Egyptologist and television documentary maker, with related links. |
| Ryan,_Donald_P_ Archaeologist at the Pacific Lutheran University who has directed several seasons of fieldwork in the Valley of the Kings. Photograph, research interests and projects. |
| Werner,_Edward_K_ Assistant Director, St. Lucie County Library System. Brief autobiography and publication list of this Egyptologist and librarian. |
| Winlock,_Herbert_E__(1884-1950) An illustrated biography of this American Egyptologis from the Giants of Egyptology series in Kmt: A Modern Journal of Ancient Egypt. |
| The_Sheikh_of_Archaeology_wins_Best_Book_Award_for_1999 From ArabicNews, Hassan Al-Basha won the best book award in the area of dictionaries and encyclopedias for his encyclopedia of architecture, archaeology and Islamic arts. (November 5, 2001) |
| ChemicalElements_com__Yttrium Basic information, atomic structure, and isotopes. |
| The_Columbia_Encyclopedia__Yttrium Overview for the general reader. |
| EnvironmentalChemistry_com__Yttrium Atomic structure, chemical and physical properties, and table of nuclides. |
| It\'s_Elemental__Yttrium Basic physical and historical information. |
| LANL__Yttrium History, sources, properties, uses, and isotopes. |
| Lenntech__Yttrium Physical data, chemical properties, health and environmental effects. |
| Visual_Elements__Yttrium Image, animation, uses, physical information, and ionisation energies. |
| WebElements__Yttrium Extensive information on history, uses, occurrence, compounds, and properties of the element. |
| Wikipedia__Yttrium Properties of the element, including its history, applications, and characteristics. |
| Yttrium Data tables and historic information. |
| About_Insects Information about Australian insects from CSIRO Entomology. Includes fact sheets and other educational materials. |
| Australian_Insects_Common_Names List of standard common and scientific names with distribution maps, images, and notes. |
| Biting_Insects__Prevalence_by_Area_and_Season Brief information on small biting pests in North America and their seasonal, habitat, and diurnal prevalence. |
| Bug_Identification An online key to insect identification. |
| Bug_World_-_Tropical_Malaysian_Insects An introduction to Malaysia's tropical insects by Michael KP Yeh. |
| BugBios Cultural entomology, insect macrophotography, educational resources, and links. |
| Bugbios_Entophiles Stunning insect macrophotography from California, Ecuador, and Brazil with informative descriptions. |
Basic Information | Atomic Structure | Isotopes | Related Links | Citing This Page ![[Bohr Model of Ruthenium]](http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/ru.html/../bohr/b0044.gif)
Number of Energy Levels: 5First Energy Level: 2Second Energy Level: 8Third Energy Level: 18Fourth Energy Level: 15Fifth Energy Level: 1IsotopesIsotopeHalf LifeRu-96StableRu-972.89 daysRu-98StableRu-99StableRu-100StableRu-101StableRu-102StableRu-10339.27 daysRu-104StableRu-1054.44 hoursRu-1061.02 yearsFactsDate of Discovery: 1844Discoverer: Karl KlausName Origin: From the Latin word Ruthenia (Russia)Uses: platinum alloysObtained From: pentlandite, pyroxiniteRelated LinksI currently do not know of any links for Ruthenium. If you do, please let me knowMLA Format for Citing This PageBentor, Yinon. Chemical Element.com - Ruthenium. <http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/ru.html>. For more information about citing online sources, please visit the MLA's Website. This page was created by Yinon Bentor. Use of this web site is restricted by this site's license agreement. Copyright © 1996-2006 Yinon Bentor. All Rights Reserved. 