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Title: Chemistry/Elements/Scandium - LANL: Scandium History, sources, properties, costs, and uses.
Scandium Data tables and historic information.

USGS_Minerals_Information__Scandium Statistics and information on the worldwide supply, demand, and flow of the element (PDF format).

Visual_Elements__Scandium Image, animation, sources, use, physical information, and ionisation energies.

WebElements__Scandium Extensive information on history, uses, occurrence, compounds, and properties of the element.

Wikipedia__Scandium Properties of the element, including its history, applications, and characteristics.

Bounds_on_the_Minimum_Distance_of_Linear_Codes Fill in q, n, k, and get bounds on the maximal minimum distance of the linear codes over GF(q) with length n and dimension k.


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Scandium /* No Right Click Copyright Mike McGrath (http://website.lineone.net/~mike_mcgrath/) To add more shock to your site, visit www.DHTML Shock.com */ Back to Periodic Table        Scandium Atomic Number: 21 Atomic Radius: 160.6 pm Atomic Symbol: Sc Melting Point: 1541 ºC Atomic Weight: 44.9559 Boiling Point: 2836 ºC Electron Configuration: [Ar]4s23d1 Oxidation States: 3

History

(L. Scandia: Scandinavia) On the basis of the Periodic System, Mendeleev predicted the existence of ekaboron, which would have an atomic weight between 40 of calcium and 48 of titanium. The element was discovered by Nilson in 1878 in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite, which had not yet been found anywhere except in Scandinavia. By processing 10 kg of euxenite and other residues of rare-earth minerals, Nilson was able to prepare about 2g of highly pure scandium oxide. Later scientists pointed out that Nilson's scandium was identical with Mendeleev's ekaboron.

Sources

Scandium is apparently much more abundant (the 23rd most) in the sun and certain stars than on earth (the 50th most abundant). It is widely distributed on earth, occurring in very minute quantities in over 800 mineral species. The blue color of beryl (aquamarine variety) is said to be due to scandium. It occurs as a principal component in the rare mineral thortveitite, found in Scandinavia and Malagasy. It is also found in the residues remaining after the extraction of tungsten from Zinnwald wolframite, and in wiikite and bazzite. Most scandium is presently being recovered from thortveitite or is extracted as a by-product from uranium mill tailings. Metallic scandium was first prepared in 1937 by Fischer, Brunger, and Grienelaus who electrolyzed a eutectic melt of potassium, lithium, and scandium chlorides at 700 to 800oC. Tungsten wire and a pool of molten zinc served as the electrodes in a graphite crucible. Pure scandium is now produced by reducing scandium fluoride with calcium metal. The production of the first pound of 99% pure scandium metal was announced in 1960.

Properties

Scandium is a silver-white metal which develops a slightly yellowish or pinkish cast upon exposure to air. A relatively soft element, scandium resembles yttrium and the rare-earth metals more than it resembles aluminum or titanium. It is a very light metal and has a much higher melting point than aluminum, making it of interest to designers of spacecraft. Scandium is not attacked by a 1:1 mixture of HNO3 and 48% HF.

Costs

Scandium oxide costs about $75/g.

Uses

About 20 kg of scandium (as Sc2O3) are used yearly in the U.S. to produce high-intensity lights. The radioactive isotope 46Sc is used as a tracing agent in refinery crackers for crude oil, etc. Scandium iodide added to mercury vapor lamps produces a highly efficient light source resembling sunlight, which is important for indoor or night-time color TV.

Handling

Little is yet known about the toxicity of scandium; therefore it should be handled with care. Title Picture: Crystallized scandium   Sources: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics and the American Chemical Society. Chemistry Division HomeLANL Home Last Updated: 12/15/2003,© Chemistry Operations Operated by the University of California for the US Department of Energy   | Help | Copyright © UC 2003 | Disclaimer  
 

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