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Mercury (Hg) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects
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Chemical properties of mercury - Health effects of mercury
- Environmental effects of mercury
Atomic number
80
Atomic mass
200.59 g.mol -1
Electronegativity
according to Pauling
1.9
Density
13.6 g.cm-3 at 20°C
Melting point
- 38.9 °C
Boiling point
356.6 °C
Vanderwaals
radius
0.157 nm
Ionic radius
0.11 nm (+2)
Isotopes
12
Electronic
shell
[ Xe ] 4f14 5d10 6s2
Energy of
first ionisation
1004.6 kJ.mol -1
Energy of
second ionisation
1796 kJ.mol -1
Energy of
third ionisation
3294 kJ.mol -1
Standard
potential
+ 0.854 V ( Hg2+/ Hg )
Discovered by
The ancients
Mercury
Mercury is the only common metal which is liquid at ordinary
temperatures. Mercury is sometimes called quicksilver. It is a heavy, silvery-white liquid metal. It is a rather poor
conductor of heat if compared with other metals but it is a fair
conductor of electricity. It alloys easily with many metals, such as
gold, silver, and tin. These alloys are called amalgams.
The most important mercury salts are mercuric chloride
HgCl2 (corrosive sublimate - a violent poison), mercuric
chloride Hg2Cl2 (calomel, still used in medicine
occasionally), mercury fulminate (Hg(ONC)2, a detonator used
in explosives) and mercuric sulphide (HgS, vermillion, a high-grade
paint pigment).
Applications
Mercury metal has many uses. Because of its high density it is used in
barometers and manometers. It is extensively used in thermometers,
thanks to its high rate of thermal expansion that is fairly constant
over a wide temperature range. Its Its ease in amalgamating with gold is
used in the recovery of gold from its ores.
Industry uses mercury metal as a liquid electrode
in the manufacture of chlorine and sodium hydroxide by electrolysis of
brine. Mercury is still used in some electrical gear, such as switches
and rectifiers, which need to be reliable, and for industrial catalysis.
Much less mercury is now used in consumer batteries and fluorescent
lighting, but it has not been entirely eliminated.
Mercury compounds have many uses. Calomel (mercurous
chloride, Hg2Cl2) is used as a standard in
electrochemical measurements and in medicine as a purgative. Mercuric
chloride (corrosive sublimate, HgCl2) is used as an
insecticide, in rat poison, and as a disinfectant. Mercuric oxide is
used in skin ointments. Mercuric sulphate is used as a catalyst in
organic chemistry. Vermilion, a red pigment, is mercuric sulphide;
another crystalline form of the sulphide (also used as a pigment) is
black. Mercury fulminate, Hg(CNO)2, is used as a detonator.
Mercury in the environment
Mercury occurs uncombined in nature to a limited extent. It rarely
occurs free in nature and is found mainly in cinnabar ore (HgS) in
Spain, Russia, Italy, China and Slovenia. World production of mercury is
around 8.000 tonnes per year. Mineable reserves are around 600.000
tonnes.
Mercury is a compound that can be found naturally
in the environment. It can be found in metal form, as mercury salts or
as organic mercury compounds.
Mercury enters the environment as a result of normal
breakdown of minerals in rocks and soil through exposure to wind
and water. Release of mercury from natural sources has remained
fairly the same over the years. Still mercury concentrations in
the environment are increasing; this is ascribed to human
activity.
Most of the mercury released from human activities is released
into air, through fossil fuel combustion, mining, smelting and
solid waste combustion. Some forms of human activity release
mercury directly into soil or water, for instance the application
of agricultural fertilizers and industrial wastewater disposal.
All mercury that is released in the environment will eventually
end up in soils or surface waters.
Mercury is not naturally found in foodstuffs, but it may turn up
in food as it can be spread within food chains by smaller
organisms that are consumed by humans, for instance through fish.
Mercury concentrations in fish usually greatly exceed the
concentrations in the water they live in. Cattle breeding products
can also contain eminent quantities of mercury. Mercury is not
commonly found in plant products, but it can enter human bodies
through vegetables and other crops, when sprays that contain
mercury are applied in agriculture.
Health effects of mercury
Metallic mercury is used in a variety of household products, such
as barometers, thermometers and fluorescent light bulbs. The
mercury in these devices is trapped and usually does not cause any
health problems. However, when a thermometer will break a
significantly high exposure to mercury through breathing will
occur for a short period of time while it vaporizes. This can
cause harmful effects, such as nerve, brain and kidney damage,
lung irritation, eye irritation, skin rashes, vomiting and
diarrhoea.
Mercury has a number of effects on humans, that can all of them be
simplified into the following main effects:
- Disruption of the nervous system
- Damage to brain functions
- DNA damage and chromosomal damage
- Allergic reactions, resulting in skin rashes, tiredness and
headaches
- Negative reproductive effects, such as sperm damage, birth
defects and miscarriages
Damaged brain functions can cause degradation of learning
abilities, personality changes, tremors, vision changes, deafness,
muscle incoordination and memory loss. Chromosomal damage is known
to cause mongolism.
Environmental effects of mercury
Mercury from soils can accumulate in mushrooms.
Acidic surface waters can contain significant amounts of mercury.
When the pH values are between five and seven, the mercury
concentrations in the water will increase due to mobilisation of
mercury in the ground.
Once mercury has reached surface waters or soils microrganisms can
convert it to methyl mercury, a substance that can be absorbed
quickly by most organisms and is known to cause nerve damage. Fish
are organisms that absorb great amounts of methyl mercury from
surface waters every day. As a consequence, methyl mercury can
accumulate in fish and in the food chains that they are part of.
The effects that mercury has on animals are kidneys damage,
stomach disruption, damage to intestines, reproductive failure and
DNA alteration.
For more effects on freshwater ecosystem take a look at mercury
in freshwater
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