Nobel Prize for Chemistry Nobel Prize forChemistry This directory is compiled and maintained byCarlo Nervi and Mauro Ravera.Feedback cheerfully accepted.Last updated ( or  ): 13 October 1999 1901Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (The Netherlands, 30.8.1852 - 1.3.1911)Germany, Berlin University,"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by thediscovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions". 1902Hermann Emil Fischer (Germany, 9.10.1852 - 15.7.1919)Germany, Berlin University,"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his workon sugar and purine syntheses". 1903Svante August Arrhenius (Sweden, 19.2.1859 - 2.10.1927)Sweden, Stockholm University,"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to theadvancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation". 1904Sir William Ramsay (Great Britain, 2.10.1852 - 23.7.1916)Great Britain, London University,"in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseouselements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system". 1905Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer (Germany, 31.10.1835 - 20.8.1917)Germany, Munich University, "in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistryand the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds". 1906Henri Moissan (France, 28.9.1852 - 20.2.1907)France, Sorbonne University, Paris,"in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation andisolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of theelectric furnace called after him". 1907Eduard Buchner (Germany, 20.5.1860 - 13.8.1917)Germany, Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule, (Agricultural College), Berlin,"for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cellfree fermentation". 1908Sir Ernest Rutherford (Nelson, New Zealand, 30.8.1871 - 19.10.1937)Great Britain, Victoria University, Manchester, "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and thechemistry of radioactive substances". 1909Wilhelm Ostwald (Riga, then Russia, 2.9.1853 - 4.4.1932)Germany, Leipzig University,"in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction". 1910Otto Wallach (Germany, 27.3.1847 - 26.2.1931)Germany, Goettingen University,"in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds". 1911Marie Curie, née Sklodowska (Warsaw, Poland, 7.11.1867 - 4.7.1934)France, Sorbonne University, Paris, "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by thediscovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radiumand the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element". 1912The Prize was divided equally between:Victor Grignard (France, 16.5.1871 - 13.12.1935)France, Nancy University, "for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry";and Paul Sabatier (France, 5.11.1854 - 14.8.1941)France, Toulouse University, "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advancedin recent years". 1913Alfred Werner (Mulhouse, Alsace, then Germany, 12.12.1866 - 15.11.1919)Switzerland, Zürich University,"in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of researchespecially in inorganic chemistry". 1914Theodore William Richards (USA, 31.1.1868 - 2.4.1928)USA, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, "in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements". 1915Richard Martin Willstätter (Germany, 13.8.1872 - 3.8.1942)Germany, Munich University, "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll". 1916The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section1917The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section 1918Fritz Haber (Germany, 9.12.1868 - 29.1.1934)Germany, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Fritz-Haber-Institut) fürphysikalische Chemie und Electrochemie, Berlin-Dahlem,"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements".1919The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section 1920Walther Hemann Nernst (Germany, 25.6.1864 - 18.11.1941)Germany, Berlin University, "in recognition of his work in thermochemistry". 1921Frederick Soddy (Great Britain, 2.9.1877 - 22.9.1956)Great Britain, Oxford University,"for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactivesubstances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes". 1922Francis William Aston (Great Britain, 1.9.1877 - 20.11.1945)Great Britain, Cambridge University, "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule". 1923Fritz Pregl (Austria, 3.9.1869 - 13.12.1930)Austria, Graz University, "for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances".1924The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section 1925Richard Adolf Zsigmondy (Vienna, Austria, 1.4.1865 - 29.9.1929)Germany, Goettingen University, "for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry". 1926Theodor Svedberg (Sweden, 30.8.1884 - 26.2.1971)Sweden, Uppsala University, "for his work on disperse systems". 1927Heinrich Otto Wieland (Germany, 4.6.1877 - 5.8.1957)Germany, Munich University, "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances". 1928Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus (Germany, 25.12.1876 - 9.6.1959)Germany, Goettingen University, "for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins". 1929The Prize was divided equally between:Sir Arthur Harden (Great Britain, 12.10.1861 - 17.6.1940)Great Britain, London University, and Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin (Augsburg, Germany, 15.2.1873 - 6.11.1964)Sweden, Stockholm University, "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes". 1930Hans Fischer (Germany, 27.7.1881 - 31.3.1945)Germany, Technische Hochschule (Institute of Technology), Munich, "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin". 1931The Prize was awarded jointly to:Carl Bosch (Germany, 27.8.1874 - 26.4.1940) Germany, Heidelberg University and I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G., Heidelberg, and Friedrich Bergius (Germany, 11.10.1884 - 30.3.1949) Germany, Heidelberg University and I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G. Mannheim-Rheinau, "in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods". 1932Irving Langmuir (USA, 31.1.1881 - 16.8.1957)USA, General Electric Co., Schenectady, NY, "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry".1933The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.  1934Harold Clayton Urey (USA, 29.4.1893 - 6.1.1981)USA, Columbia University, New York, NY, "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen". 1935The Prize was awarded jointly to:Frédéric Joliot (France, 19.3.1900 - 14.8.1958)France, Institut du Radium, Paris,and his wife Irène Joliot-Curie (France, 12.9.1897 - 17.3.1956)France, Institut du Radium, Paris, "in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements". 1936Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye (Holland, 24.3.1884 - 2.11.1966)Germany, Berlin University, and Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut)für Physik, Berlin-Dahlem,"for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases". 1937The Prize was divided equally between:Sir Walter Norman Haworth (Great Britain, 19.3.1883 - 19.3.1950)Great Britain, Birmingham University, "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C".and Paul Karrer (Switzerland, 21.4.1889 - 18.6.1971)Switzerland, Zürich University, "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2". 1938Richard Kuhn (Vienna, Austria, 3.12.1900 - 31.7.1967)Germany, Heidelberg University and Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (nowMax-Planck-Institut) für medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg,"for his work on carotenoids and vitamins". 1939The Prize was divided equally between:Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt (Germany, 24.3.1903 - 18.1.1995)Germany, Berlin University and Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (nowMax-Planck-Institut) für Biochemie, Berlin-Dahlem,"for his work on sex hormones".and Leopold Ruzicka (Vukovar, then Austria-Hungary, 13.9.1887 - 26.9.1976)Switzerland, Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule, (Federal Institute of Technology), Zürich, "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes".1940The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1941The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1942The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.  1943George de Hevesy (Hungary, 1.8.1885 - 5.7.1966)Sweden, Stockholm University,"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes". 1944Otto Hahn (Germany, 8.3.1879 - 28.7.1968)Germany, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut, (now Max-Planck Institut) für Chemie, Berlin-Dahlem,"for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei". 1945Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (Finland, 15.1.1895 - 11.11.1973)Finland, Helsinki University, "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method". 1946The Prize was divided, one half being awarded to:James Batcheller Sumner (USA, 19.11.1887 - 12.8.1955)USA, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized".the other half jointly to: John Howard Northrop (USA, 5.7.1891 - 27.5.1987)USA, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, NJ, and Wendell M. Stanley (USA, 16.8.1904 - 15.6.1971) USA, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, NJ, "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form". 1947Sir Robert Robinson (Great Britain, 13.9.1886 - 8.2.1975)Great Britain, Oxford University, "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids". 1948Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius (Sweden, 10.8.1902 - 29.10.1971)Sweden, Uppsala University, "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins". 1949William Francis Giauque (USA, 12.5.1895 - 28.3.1982)USA, University of California, Berkeley, CA, "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures". 1950The Prize was awarded jointly to:Otto Paul Hermann Diels (Germany, 23.1.1876 - 7.3.1954)Germany, Kiel University, and Kurt Alder (Germany, 10.7.1902 - 20.6.1958) Germany, Cologne University, "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis". 1951The Prize was awarded jointly to:Edwin M. McMillan (USA, *18.9.1907 - +1991)USA, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and Glenn Theodore Seaborg (USA, *19.4.1912)USA, University of California, Berkeley, CA, "for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements". 1952The Prize was awarded jointly to:Archer John Porter Martin (Great Britain, *1.3.1910)Great Britain, National Institute for Medical Research, London,and Richard Laurence Millington Synge (Great Britain, 28.10.1914 - 18.8.1994)Great Britain, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn (Scotland),"for their invention of partition chromatography". 1953Hermann Staudinger (Germany, 23.3.1881 - 8.9.1965)Germany, University of Freiburg im Breisgau and Staatliches Institut für makromolekulare Chemie (State Research Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry), Freiburg in Br., "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry". 1954Linus Carl Pauling (USA, 28.2.1901 - 19.8.1994)USA, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances". 1955Vincent du Vigneaud (USA, 18.5.1901 - 11.12.1978)USA, Cornell University, New York, NY, "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for thefirst synthesis of a polypeptide hormone". 1956The Prize was awarded jointly to:Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (Great Britain, 19.6.1897 - 9.10.1967)Great Britain, Oxford University, and Nikolai Nikolajevich Semjonow (Soviet Union, 15.4.1896 - 25.9.1986)USSR, Institute for Chemical Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions". 1957Sir Alexander R. Todd (Great Britain, *2.7.1907)Great Britain, Cambridge University,"for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes". 1958Frederick Sanger (Great Britain, *13.8.1918)Great Britain, Cambridge University, "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin". 1959Jaroslav Heyrovský (Czechoslovakia, 20.12.1890 - 27.3.1967)Czechoslovakia, Polarographic Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Science, Prague, "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis". 1960Willard Frank Libby (USA, 17.12.1908 - 8.9.1980)USA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, "for his method to use carbo 14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science". 1961Melvin Calvin (USA, *7.4.1911 - +1997)USA, University of California, Berkeley, CA, "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants". 1962The Prize was divided equally between:Max Ferdinand Perutz (Vienna, Austria, *19.5.1914)Great Britain, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge,and Sir John Cowdery Kendrew (Great Britain, *24.3.1917 - +1997)Great Britain, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge,"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins". 1963The Prize was divided equally between:Karl Ziegler (Germany, 26.11.1898 - 11.8.1973) Germany, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung (Max-Planck-Institute for Carbon Research),Mülheim/Ruhr, and Giulio Natta (Italy, 26.2.1903 - 2.5.1979) Italy, Institute of Technology, Milan,"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers". 1964Dorothy Crowfoot-Hodgkin (Great Britain, *12.5.1910 - +1994)Great Britain, Royal Society, Oxford University, Oxford, "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemicalsubstances". 1965Robert Burns Woodward (USA, 10.4.1917 - 8.7.1979) USA, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis". 1966Robert S. Mulliken (USA, 7.6.1896 - 31.10.1986) USA, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method". 1967The Prize was divided, one half being awarded to:Manfred Eigen (Germany, *9.5.1927) Federal Republic of Germany, Max-Planck-Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Goettingen, and the other half jointly to: Ronald George Wreyford Norrish (Great Britain, 9.11.1897 - 7.6.1978)Great Britain, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Cambridge, and Lord George Porter (Great Britain, *6.12.1920)Great Britain, The Royal Institution, London, "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy". 1968Lars Onsager (Oslo, Norway, 27.11.1903 - 5.10.1976)USA, Yale University, New Haven, CT, "for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes". 1969The Prize was divided equally between:Sir Derek H. Barton (Great Britain, *8.9.1918)Great Britain, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, and Odd Hassel (Norway, 17.5.1897 - 13.5.1981) Norway, Kjemisk Institutt, Oslo University, Oslo,"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformationand its application in chemistry". 1970Luis F. Leloir (Argentina, *6.9.1906 - +1987) Argentina, Institute for Biochemical Research, Buenos Aires, "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates". 1971Gerhard Herzberg (Hamburg, Germany, *25.12.1904 - +1999)Canada, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic stucture and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals". 1972The Prize was divided, one half being awarded to:Christian B. Anfinsen (USA, *26.3.1916 - +1995) USA, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation";and the other half jointly to: Stanford Moore (USA, 4.9.1913 - 23.8.1982) USA, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, and William H. Stein (USA, 25.6.1911 - 2.2.1980) USA, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule". 1973The Prize was divided equally between:Ernst Otto Fischer (Germany, *10.11.1918)Federal Republic of Germany, Technical University of Munich, Munich, and Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson (Great Britain, *14.7.1921 - +1996)Great Britain, Imperial College, London, "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds". 1974Paul J. Flory (USA, 19.6.1910 - 9.9.1985)USA, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, "for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules". 1975The Prize was divided equally between:John Warcup Cornforth (Great Britain, *7.9.1917) Great Britain, University of Sussex, Brighton, "for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions";and Vladimir Prelog (Sarajevo then Yugoslavia, *23.7.1906 - +1998)Switzerland, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zürich, "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions". 1976William N. Lipscomb (USA, *9.12.1919)USA, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding". 1977Ilya Prigogine (Moscow, Russia, *25.1.1917)Belgium, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussells (University of Texas, USA), "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures". 1978Peter D. Mitchell (Great Britain, 29.9.1920 - +1992)Great Britain, Glynn Research Laboratories, Bodmin, "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory". 1979The Prize was divided equally between:Herbert C. Brown (London, Great Britain, *22.5.1912)USA, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, and Georg Wittig (Germany, 16.6.1897 - 26.8.1987)Federal Republic of Germany, University of Heidelberg, "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis". 1980The Prize was divided, one half being awarded to:Paul Berg (USA, *30.6.1926) USA, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA";and the other half jointly to: Walter Gilbert (USA, *21.3.1932)USA, Biological Laboratories, Cambridge, MA, and Frederick Sanger (Great Britain, 13.8.1918) USA, Great Britain, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids". 1981The Prize was awarded jointly to:Kenichi Fukui (Japan, *4.10.1918 - +1998)Japan, Kyoto University, Kyoto, and Roald Hoffmann (Zloczow, Poland, *18.7.1937) USA, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions". 1982Sir Aaron Klug (Lithuania, *11.8.1926)Great Britain, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge,"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nuclei acid-protein complexes". 1983Henry Taube (Saskatoon, Canada, *30.11.1915)USA, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes". 1984Robert Bruce Merrifield (USA, *15.7.1921)USA, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix". 1985The Prize was awarded jointly to:Herbert A. Hauptman (USA, 14.2.1917) USA, The Medical Foundation of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, and Jerome Karle (USA, 18.6.1918) USA, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, "for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures". 1986The Prize was awarded jointly to:Dudley R. Herschbach (USA, *18.6.1932) USA, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA,  Yuan Tseh Lee (Hsinchu, Taiwan, *29.11.1936) USA, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and John C. Polanyi (Canada, *23.1.1929) Canada, University of Toronto, Toronto, "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes". 1987The Prize was awarded jointly to:Donald J. Cram (USA, *22.4.1919) USA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,  Jean-Marie Lehn (France, *30.9.1939) France, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, and Collège de France, Paris, and Charles J. Pedersen (Fusan, Korea, as a Norwegian citizen, 3.10.1904 - 26.10.1989) USA, Du Pont, Wilmington, DE, "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of highselectivity". 1988The Prize was awarded jointly to:Johann Deisenhofer (Germany, *30.9.1943) Federal Republic of Germany, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry,University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX,  Robert Huber (Germany, *20.2.1937)Federal Republic of Germany, Max-Planck-Institut fü Biochemie, Martinsried, and Hartmut Michel (Germany, *18.7.1948) Federal Republic of Germany, Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Frankfurt/Main,"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre". 1989The Prize was awarded jointly to:Sidney Altman (Canada, *8.5.1939) USA, Yale University, New Haven, CT, and Thomas Robert Cech (USA, *8.12.1947)USA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA". 1990Elias James Corey (USA, *12.7.1928)USA, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis". 1991Richard Robert Ernst (Switzerland, *14.8.1933)Switzerland, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zürich, "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy". 1992Rudolph A. Marcus (Canada, *21.7.1923)USA, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems". 1993The Prize was awarded"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry",by one half to:Kary Banks Mullis (USA, *1944)USA, La Jolla, CA, "for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method",and by the other half to: Michael Smith (Blackpool, England, *26.4.1932)Canada, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,"for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleiotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies". 1994George A. Olah (Budapest, Hungary, *1927)USA, University of Southern California, CA, "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry". 1995The Prize was awarded jointly to:Paul Crutzen (Amsterdam, the Netherlands, *1933) Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Mario J. Molina (Mexico City, Mexico, *1943) U.S.A, MIT, Cambridge, MA, and Sherwood F. Rowland (USA, *1927)USA, University of California, Irvine, CA,"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone". 1996The Prize was awarded jointly to:Robert F. Curl, Jr. (USA, *1933)USA, Rice University, Houston, Sir Harold W. Kroto (Great Britain, *1939)Great Britain, University of Sussex, Brighton,and Richard E. Smalley (USA, *1943)USA, Rice University, Houston,"for their discovery of fullerenes". 1997The Prize was awarded by one half to:Paul D. Boyer (USA, *1918)USA, University of California, Los Angeles, John E. Walker (Great Britain, *1941) Great Britain, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology,Cambridge,"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying thesynthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)",and by the other half to Jens C. Skou (Denmark, *1918)Denmark, Aarhus University "the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+,K+-ATPase". 1998The Prize was awarded jointly to:Walter Kohn (USA, *1923)USA, University of California at Santa Barbara,and John A. Pople (USA, *1925) USA, Northwestern University,"to Walter Kohn for his development of the density-functional theoryand to John Pople for his development of computational methods in quantumchemistry". 1999Ahmed H. Zewail (Egypt, *1946)USA, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena,"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions usingfemtosecond spectroscopy".  |
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