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Room Temperature Atomic discrete emission Spectra from Solids
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http://www.geocities.com/raomap/discovery5.html
         
Room temperature
Atomic discrete emission spectra from solids
present as XRF sources and radioisotopes
M.A.Padmanabha Rao Former Professor of Medical Physics
Former
Deputy Director, Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur- 342011, Rajasthan, India
114 Charak Sadan,
Vikaspuri, New
Delhi 110018, India,
raomap@yahoo.com Ph: 91-11-28534251
Discovery 5
A
new class of 'room temperature
atomic non-
thermal optical-
UV discrete emission spectra
from solids' present
as radioisotopes and XRF sources.
What is
further new of these spectra
 Previously
unknown Bharat Radiation causing the new spectra
by
exciting
energies
(Bharat
Radiation energies) internally produced within excited atom (unlike
standard atomic emission line spectra produced by external thermal
energies). The new spectra, produced by exciting
energies generated within the excited atom in particular, could be one of the
spectacular advancements in the field of atomic spectroscopy.
Existence
of atomic
state of matter within soilds
present as radioisotopes and XRF sources
Prediction
: The
author has realized that atomic spectra from solids is possible only when 'atomic
state of matter exists within soilds at room temperature'
Introduction
Low light yield did not permit to obtain conventional line
spectra of these calibration sources. However, the author
succeeded in making intensity measurements of UV (up to 400
nm), VIS (400 to 710 nm), and NIR (beyond 710 nm) radiation
under three wide range of wavelengths with a pair of sheet
polarizers. These estimates provided first and conclusive
evidence on optical radiation in general from all the sources
tested.
Analogous
UV dominant optical spectra shown in Table 1 of
the website edas from three unlikely sources with wide diversity
Rb and Ba XRF sources
(Discovery 1)
; radiochemicals
(Discovery 2); and 57Co
- metal detected at room temperaturee (Discovery 3)
with
a bare PMT and a pair of sheet
polarizers
has been a
revolutionary finding in radiation physics.
These experimental insights demonstrate unprecedented UV dominant spectra, independent of the physical nature of source, whether
XRF source or radioisotope, salt or metallic solid like 57Co, and
atomic number Z. The fact that %UV,
VIS and NIR intensities from any source did not depend on its atomic number Z in Fig.3 provide a key that
the new spectra may represent a distinct class of atomic spectra. Unprecedented UV dominance and key control of energy
of ionizing radiation with maximum abundance on percent UV, VIS,
and NIR radiation intensities as shown in Table 1 and Fig.3 seemingly represent
more of emissive features of the new spectra.
Explanation
why new spectra showed independence of atomic number Z of source, nature of
source material whether salt or metal
The spectral
results in Fig.3 in the website edas
lead to a new understanding of physics of beta, X-ray and gamma, how they behave inside
excited atom, and how they are transmitted through core-coulomb field. Excited atom recognizes beta,
X-ray and gamma only in terms of their energy during their common transit
through core - Coulomb field in vacuum (Fig.3). For example, 0.01339 MeV energy (of Rb XRF) causes % UV (99.62%), %VIS
(0.37%) and %NIR (0.01%) radiation intensities. In other words, even beta and
gamma rays with the same energy can cause these intensities that implies equally
energetic beta, gamma or X-ray exhibits equal performance
(Table 1, and Fig.3). The experiments
provided first evidence on beta’s non- particle
behavior within excited atom, a new understanding of its fundamental physics.
Energy degradation from ionizing radiation to light by chain of events
controlling solid XRF sources and radioisotopes
at subatomic scale independent of Z, owes to analogous
atomic spectra observed. These insights may bring some dramatically changes in
nuclear, atomic physics and material science.
The
new spectra differ from luminescence, scintillations or Cherenkov
radiation.
Both solid salts and
metals used as radioisotopes and XRF sources behaved in unpredictable ways
posed many challenges. The anomalous spectral signature, UV dominance
signifying high energy spectra marked them as distinct class different from the
familiar ionizing radiation produced luminescence, scintillations or Cherenkov
radiation. Moreover, the later can not
be expected from non-luminescent or non-scintillating salts like Rb and Ba XRF
salts or radiochemicals like 137Cs, and 131I in minute (µg)
quantities. Though Rb and Ba salts are
opaque to light, yet the observed optical radiation may have emerged from
surface.
Though
direct measurment of UV dominant optical spectra from these three type of sources
provided first and conclusive evidence on optical radiation from these sources,
concrete proof of optical emission has come from 57Co- metal.
In fact the optical
spectrum of metal recorded
for
the
first
time
ever
at room
temperature has been a breakthrough from familiar
incandescence and luminescence suggesting that the new spectra
may have caused by previously unknown phenomenon
(Becquerel 1890, Glenn F Knoll 1979).
Incidentally both
ionizing radiation and fluorescent light are basically atomic
emissions; so made insights into sources whether they give
rise to atomic emission of light.
Conclusive
evidence for optical emission
: The UV dominant optical
spectrum of 57Co- metal featured
discrete
emission
spectrum
of
free excited
57
Co
metal
-atoms resulted from nuclear and, or core- valence
excitation provided undisputable evidence for spontaneous metal-atom emission of light.
The free atoms
situated in between unexcited metal atoms within the solid
sources at room temperature distinctly differ from thermally
excited atoms in gaseous phase that cause standard atomic
spectra. On this basis, it could be safely interpreted
that both radioisotopes and XRF sources cause a new class of atomic non-
thermal optical-UV discrete emission spectra
from solids
(
Padmanabha Rao 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002,
2006)
Existence of a new 'atomic
state of matter' in solids at room temperature
Our measurements providing the first evidence for
formation of free atoms within solid
radioisotopes and XRF sources notably at room temperature marked an
important step on the existence of a new 'atomic
state of matter' in solids at room temperature. The current research has opened up a new class of
sources of free excited atoms within solids at room temperature for
investigation.
A single XRF source provides both X-ray and
atomic spectra at room temperature. It is the hope futuristic discrete emission line spectra of
radioisotopes and XRF sources may uncover many secrets inside excited
atom.
OPTICAL AND X-RAY SPECTRA FROM A SINGLE
XRF SOURCE http://www.geocities.com/raomap/edxrs.html
The UV emission from
radioisotopes and XRF sources would explain light output that follow gamma bursts
like SN 1998bw and X-ray flux from black hole nova XTE
J1118+480. Refer website blackhole
TUNABLE, ENERGY DEPENDENT ATOMIC
SPECTRA
Atomic spectra is no longer fixed as has been believed
so far, but tunable by exciting outermost electron with suitable
energies (refer website edas) . Like tuning a radio, one can choose
exciting energy by selecting either XRF source or radioisotope. It need
not be of the same element.
Subatomic research
Pathways in excited atom :
Exposition of optical emission spectrum has three pathways,
the most intriguing physical
processes within excited atoms of XRF
sources and radioisotopes :
(i) Nuclear and core excitations: In the case of XRF
sources, core excitation results into known XRF
emission. And in the case of radioisotopes beta, gamma and X-radiations
are the result of nuclear and core excitations.
(ii) Core Coulomb interaction:
Interaction of X-ray, gamma and
beta with unprecedented core-Coulomb field generates
electromagnetic radiation with energies slightly higher than that of UV in
eV level termed 'Bharat radiation' (website: discovery4).
(iii) Non-thermal
valence excitation :
Valence excitation by Bharat radiation
to higher energy levels than what has been
possible by thermal excitation causes ultimately the observed high
energy atomic
spectrum. Bharat radiation with energies
in eV level is the first ever internal
source of valence excitation within
core excited atoms of XRF sources and radioisotopes, in contrast to the known nonthermal
sources that are extraneous sources. X-ray, gamma and beta radiations
causing Bharat radiation (daughter radiation), which in turn
causing optical spectrum (websites: discovery5 and discovery6)
elicits that the observed optical
radiation is second generation to ionizing radiation from within
the parent excited
atoms.
AT HIGH TEMPERATURES
Metals
give rise to
incandescence
Chemical compounds gets
atomized and give rise to
STANDARD ATOMIC
SPECTRA
AT ROOM
TEMPERATURE
Radioisotopes and XRF
sources whether present
as
metals or chemical compounds
give rise to 
Bharat radiation
Room temperature atomic
discrete emission spectra from solids
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM REDEFINED
Electromagnetic radiation having four different names and
energy ranges in decreasing order : gamma, X-ray, Bharat and light (
mostly UV ) photons successively follow from an excited atom of XRF
sources and radioisotopes. Considered an excited atom, the electromagnetic
spectrum can be redefined arranging these four radiations one after
another as energy spectrum.
Electromagnetic spectrum usually depicted by
various authors is normally intended to show energy distribution. It does
not mean that high energies would degrade into low energies.
The current study has demonstrated that Bharat and fluorescent light photons
follow beta particle, gamma or X-ray from within excited atom.
From a gamma emitter
like 241Am
gamma, XRF (Np
X-ray in the case of 241Am),
Bharat, and fluorescent light photons successively follow from one
and the same excited atom.
From a beta- gamma source, Bharat photons and
fluorescent light photons separately follow beta particles, gamma photons
and X-ray photons :
Considered 60Co, its
beta emission causes Bharat photons which in turn causes fluorescent light
photons with corresponding energies. Likewise, its gamma rays
with 1.17 MeV, and 1.33 MeV; K X-rays, L X-rays etc that emerge
from the same source may also produce Bharat and light photons with
corresponding set of energies (Fig.5). In each of these cases Bharat
energies are expected to eventually produce its own typical atomic spectral
lines on excitation of outermost electron.
Fig.1. The above spectrum
is an artistic view of Rb X-rays, Bharat radiation higher than that
of UV with energy in eV level, and UV dominant atomic spectrum from a single Rb XRF source.
In practice, expected is a discrete atomic emission line spectrum having more lines in
UV range.
Fig.2. The above spectrum is an artistic
view of spectra that can be observed from 57Co.
Top: Fe X-rays from the source cause Fe X-ray spectrum,
Bharat radiation higher than that of UV with energy in eV
level; and UV dominant atomic spectrum. Three spectra
would appear together but to detect these three
radiations, X-rays, Bharat radiation and UV radiation use of more
than one detector or PMT with maximum sensitivity in different
wavelength regimes is needed. In practice, expected is a
atomic discrete line spectrum having more lines in UV range.
Similarly, gamma rays from the source
cause not only gamma spectrum; but also Bharat radiation
spectrum; and UV dominant atomic spectrum. Three spectra would appear
together but to detect these three radiations, gamma rays,
Bharat radiation and UV radiation use of more than one detector or
PMT with maximum sensitivity in different wavelength regimes is
needed. In practice, expected is a atomic discrete line spectrum
having more lines in UV range.
NEW MODE OF ENERGY
DEGRADATION
Energy degradation into eV level from keV or MeV,
unlike previous atomic phenomena : In the case
of beta decay, the energy of ensuing gamma and X-radiations that follow
beta particle also lye in keV or
MeV
level. In the century old history of nuclear physics, it is for the first
time to unfold a new mode or channel of energy degradation in which energy
of ensuing Bharat and light (mostly UV) radiations
that follow beta particle lye in eV level, in the current atomic phenomenon
described in website discovery6.
Considered 60Co,
its beta particle with
keV or MeV
energy may also undergo very
little energy degradation by generation of Bharat radiation photons with
energies around 6-8 eV, which undergo further degradation in energy by producing fluorescent light photons
(mostly UV) with energy around 4 eV (Fig.5). This sort of energy degradation happens even with
other ionizing radiations including gamma and X-ray photons.
This insight
is vital for nuclear,
atomic (X-ray), and radiological physics. Since Bharat and UV photons also
can cause biological effects along with ionizing radiations, it is
desirable to make fresh entry of these two new emissions in decay tables
(Ref. 5).
TWO GENERATIONS OF BETA, GAMMA AND X-RAY
WITHIN EXCITED ATOM
: Bharat radiation and Energy Dependent Atomic
Spectra are the successive two generations of beta, gamma and
X-rays.
Fig.3.
Schematic
illustarting the concept of Bharat
photons and light photons successively following Rb X-ray photons
from isolated, free core-
valence excited Rb atoms surrounded
by unexcited atoms in ground state within
solid Rb salt,
during gamma excitation (AMC 2084,U.K.). Solid Rb salt emit 'UV dominant Energy Dependent Atomic
discrete emission line Spectra' unprecedented at room temperature (website :
discovery1)
Fig
4. Schematic
illustarting the concept of Bharat
radiation photons (predicted), fluorescent light (UV dominant atomic
discrete emission spectrum observed)
successively
following Cu
X-rays from an isolated, free
core- valence excited Cu metal atom surrounded
by unexcited metal atoms in ground state within
copper
metallic solid ,
during gamma excitation (AMC 2084,U.K.) notably at room temperature
(Table 1 in website : discovery3).
Fig.
5. Schematic illustarting the concept of Bharat
photons and
fluorescent light photons (UV
dominant atomic discrete emission spectrum observed) successively following beta particle and
gamma photons from 60Co metal atom surrounded by
unexcited metal atoms in ground state within cobalt metallic solid
notably at room temperature (website:
discovery3).
[Home][discovery1][discovery2][discovery3][discovery4][discovery5]
[discovery6][edas][blackhole][resume]
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