| Atmospheric_Optics Photo visual spectacles produced by light playing on water drops, dust and ice crystals in the atmosphere. Explanations applying atmospheric physics, images and downloadable freeware to simulate them. |
| Atmospheric_Optics_at_Kulgun,_Australia Explanations of atmospheric optical phenomena occurring in photos in Kulgun, Australia and South Pole station in Antarctica. |
| Atmospheric_Physics_at_MISU The Atmospheric Physics Group's main research is concentrated on improving our understanding of the physics and chemistry that determine the structure and composition of the middle and upper atmospher |
| Atmospheric_Sciences_at_Michigan_Tech Find out about the Michigan Tech atmospheric sciences graduate degree interdisciplinary research program. |
| Auroras__Paintings_in_the_Sky What are auroras? What makes them happen? What do they look like? Where can you see them? Site includes stunning photos and QuickTime movies of the northern lights, and Realaudio interviews with NASA |
| The_Community_Coordinated_Modeling_Center The CCMC website provides the space weather research community with model runs on request, visualization and analysis tools, validation and metrics information, and experimental real-time model runs a |
| General_Spectral_Toolbox GENSPECT is a line-by-line radiative transfer code to calculate gas absorption and emissivity, emission and transmission for a wide range of atmospheric gases. GENSPECT has an online web interface is |
| Geostrophic_Wave_Circulations New algorithms for solving non-linear large scale atmospheric circulations, numerical experiments, related books by Yong Zhu from New Knowledge Publishing. |
| The_Laboratory_for_Atmospheric_and_Space_Physics_(LASP),_University_of_Colorado Conducts basic theoretical and experimental research in planetary, atmospheric, magnetospheric, and solar physics. |
| Liquid_Nitrogen_Simulation_of_Aurora_Borealis Unified Field Theory explains Auroras Borealis and Australis and suggests an experimental simulation using an iron core container with electric coil wrapping and electron gun. |
| McGreevy_ground-based_VLF_recordings Earth's natural electromagnetic radio transmissions. |
| NASA_Ames_Research_Center The mission of the Atmospheric Physics Branch (SGP) is to advance the scientific knowledge and understanding of the physical processes that determine the behavior of the atmosphere on earth. |
| NASA_CERES_Ocean_Validation_Experiment The CERES Ocean Validation Experiment (COVE) provides continuous radiation measurements at the Chesapeake Lighthouse for validation of The Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) and othe |
| National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research Plans, organizes, and conducts atmospheric and related research programs in collaboration with universities. |
| NCAR_CEDAR An online database of upper atmosphere, weather, and model data. |
| Observatory_and_World_Radiation_Center_(PMOD/WRC),_Switzerland Global research results using solar irradiance and atmospheric radiation measurement equipment. Contributions to various space experiments. |
| Optical_Spectrograph_and_InfraRed_Imaging_System OSIRIS data, presentations and system status from the atmospheric research group at the Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies. |
| Orb_Study Here you will be introduced to research data and digital camera images of lower atmospheric plasma orbs gathered over a three year period from our isolated research site in Gulf Breeze, Florida. |
| ORDA_database__remote_ionosphere_diagnostics Realtime data and archive of ionospheric parameters above Irkutsk and Norilsk (Russia) - electron and ion temperatures, plasma drift, electron density. Data obtained by Irkutsk Incoherent Scatter Rada |
| Riometers_for_Measuring_High_Latitude_Ionospheric_Absorption Current riometer instruments in production and choices in selecting an instrument for various research projects. |
| Schumann_Resonance_and_Atmospherics_on_VLF Research site on Schumann Resonance and atmospheric electromagnetic energies as observed in Arizona. |
| Secrets_of_the_Polar_Aurora Overview of the polar aurora, by a scientist; illustrated, with history and relevant physics. |
| Space_Weather_Resources Very large, categorized collection of links related to the interaction of solar wind and the magnetosphere. |
| 1976_Standard_Atmosphere_Calculator The online 1976 standard atmosphere calculator computes atmospheric properties like density, temperature, pressure and speed of sound up to 86 kilometers altitude. Graphics and a table generator are i |
| Stratospheric_Circulation_and_its_Impact_on_the_Troposphere Dynamical connection between the troposphere and stratosphere, including planetary wave-mean flow interaction, statistical tools (PCA/EOF,MCA/SVD,CCA), existence of circulation regimes (multiple equil |
| UMIST_Atmospheric_Physics_Research_Group Pages describing the research activities, and employment opportunities (including PhD) within the Group. Work within the group covers micrometeorolgy, cloud microphysics and chemistry, aerosol science |
| University_of_Aberystwyth__Atmospheric_Physics_Group These pages outline the work of this group, which is focussed on the study of the atmosphere between about 3 and 90Km above the surface of the earth. |
| University_of_Toronto_Atmospheric_Physics Experimental, modeling, and theoretical studies of climate and dynamics from the cryosphere to the middle atmosphere. Remote sensing of atmospheres of Earth and Mars. Abstracts from seminars and FAQ's |
| Why_is_the_Sky_Blue? Why is the sky blue in language that everyone can understand. |
| Current_Wageningen_Congresses With a focus on The Netherlands, lists agriculture-related meetings along with links for detailed information |
| European_Forest_Institute_-_Events Provides information about forthcoming EFI conferences, workshops, and summer schools. Details of past events are also provided. |
| The_2006_European_Pesticide_Residue_Workshop Details of an event due to be held on 21-25 May 2006 in Corfu, Greece. |
| Horizons_in_Livestock_Sciences CSIRO conference series, on changing livestock production systems to meet future food demands. Australia. |
| International_Plant_Breeding_Symposium_2006 Global science forum on current, field-based breeding topics with a particular emphasis on cultivar development methodologies. Mexico. |
| Joint_Organic_Congress_2006 Organic Farming and European Rural Development. May 30-31 2006 in Odense, Denmark. |
| Tropentag_2006 International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development, October 11 - 13, 2006 University of Bonn, Germany. |
| Viticulture___5th_International_Workshop_on_Grapevine_Downy_and_Powdery_Mildew This meeting is organized every three years for an opportunity to communicate research information related to the biology and epidemiology of powdery and downy mildew in grapevine as well as exchangin |
| A_Deep_Ecliptic_Survey_for_Kuiper_Belt_Objects A description of the Deep Ecliptic Survey, a systematic search for Kuiper Belt Objects using large telescopes. |
| Distant_EKOs The Newsletter is dedicated to the dissemination of research relevant to the Kuiper belt. The goal is to provide researchers with easy and rapid access to current observational and theoretical studies |
| Distant_EKOs__The_Kuiper_Belt_Electronic_Newsletter Recent and past issues of the Distant EKOs Newsletter, a review of the science and current events surrounding Kuiper Belt Objects |
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Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks article:Freudenrich, Ph.D., Craig. "How Oil Refining Works." 04 January 2001. HowStuffWorks.com. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining.htm> 02 December 2008. Inside this Article Introduction to How Oil Refining Works Crude Oil From Crude Oil The Refining Process Fractional Distillation Chemical Processing See more » Treating and Blending the Fractions Lots More Information See all Energy Production articles From Sea to Shining Sea: The Oil Industry 
More Science Videos » In movies and television shows -- Giant, Oklahoma Crude, Armageddon, Beverly Hillbillies -- we have seen images of thick, black crude oil gushing out of the ground or a drilling platform. But when you pump the gasoline for your car, you've probably noticed that it is clear. And there are so many other products that come from oil, including crayons, plastics, heating oil, jet fuel, kerosene, synthetic fibers and tires. How is it possible to start with crude oil and end up with gasoline and all of these other products? Oil Refining Image Gallery 
Photo courtesy Phillips Petroleum Company Oil refineries take crude oil and turn it into products such as gasoline, jet fuel, crayons and plastics. See more oil refining pictures. In this article, we will examine the chemistry and technology involved in refining crude oil to produce all of these different things. 
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