| Neutrino_Oscillations_for_Dummies An explanation of neutrino oscillations using words and pictures rather than math. |
| Neutrino_Physics A set of lectures from the Trieste Summer School on the current state of neutrino physics. |
| Neutrino_Unbound Comprehensive lists of references on the theory of neutrino oscillations, four-neutrino mixing, sterile neutrinos and others. |
| Neutrinos_Have_Mass_for_Sure A report on the years of collected experimental evidence that neutrinos have masses. |
| Nobel_Prize_1988 Lederman, Schwartz and Steinberger for the discovery of the muon neutrino and for the neutrino beam method. |
| Nobel_Prize_1995 For the detection of the neutrino by Professor Frederick Reines; description of the discovery and background material. |
| The_Solar_Neutrino_Problem From USENET Physics FAQ. |
| Solar_Neutrinos Page by John Bahcall, expert in calculating neutrino fluxes and spectra with Standard Solar Model. |
| The_Ultimate_Neutrino_Page Neutrino physics information and many links. |
| What_is_a_Neutrino? From Scientific American: Ask the Experts: Physics. |
| Tau_Neutrino_Observation Direct evidence by DONUT experiment. (July 20, 2000) |
| Universal_Particle Popular article about new developments in neutrino physics, Dallas Morning News. (May 29, 2000) |
| Gene_Therapy_-_Human_Genome_Project Definition, hurdles, ethical issues, and links to more resources on gene therapy provided by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. |
| Gene_Therapy_Advisory_Committee_-_GTAC Advises on the ethical acceptability of proposals for gene therapy research on humans taking account of the scientific merits and the potential benefits and risks, and provides advice to UK Health Min |
| Gene_Therapy_and_Your_Child Development information for the clinical use of gene therapy for children with severe illnesses. |
| Gene_Therapy_Clinical_Trials_Worldwide Comprehensive source of information on worldwide gene therapy clinical trials compiled by The Journal of Gene Medicine. |
| Gene_therapy_research News, jobs, recent literature, comprehensive lab registry, clinical trials and extensive links related to gene therapy. |
| Harvard_Gene_Therapy_Initiative Provides plasmid construction and virus production services for gene therapy in both research and therapeutic applications. |
| Jesse\'s_Journey_-_The_Foundation_for_Gene_and_Cell_Therapy A registered charitable organization raising funds for research in gene and cell based therapies focusing on Duchenne muscular dystrophy and other neuromuscular diseases. |
| Office_of_Biotechnology_Activities_at_the_NIH Monitors scientific progress and ethical issues in basic and clinical research involving recombinant DNA and human gene transfer at NIH funded institutions. |
| UK_Cystic_Fibrosis_Gene_Therapy_Consortium A consortium whose aims are to provide cystic fibrosis gene therapy updates to researchers, medics, patients and their families. |
| Chem4Kids_com__Inert_Gases Overview of the group aimed at children. |
| Visual_Elements__The_Noble_Gases Overview, general properties, and chemical data for the group. |
| Astronomical_Constants_from_NASA Astronomical/space constants and equations. |
| Beta-Theta Gives general defintions, background and examples from the science fields of biology, physics, chemistry, math, and history. Includes forum boards. |
| The_Constants_and_Equations_Pages Expanding reference resource for science, math and astronomy |
| EquationSheet_com Searchable directory, arranged by field, of equations, constants, symbols and SI units. Also features LaTEX utilities, software links. |
| GrayLIT_Network Searchable database for reports that are generated by federally funded projects. |
| RefScout A weekly, scientific reference mailing service. Screens databases covering life and medical sciences for the key words or the combination of key words specified and will automatically update with an |
| The_Center_for_The_Business_of_Government Sponsors research on new approaches to improving the effectiveness of government. Includes complete archive of grant reports. |
| Council_for_Excellence_in_Government Works to improve government performance at all levels. Includes information about the council's programs and publications. |
| GovLeaders_org Provides leadership development materials to government managers. Includes management tips, articles on leadership, training information, and leadership quotes. |
| International_Public_Management_Network Forum for sharing ideas and research on alternative approaches to problem solving and decision making in the public sector. Includes e-journal and conference reports. |
| National_Center_for_Public_Productivity_(NCPP) Research and public service organization devoted to improving productivity in the public sector. Includes information on performance measurement, best practices worldwide, and the center's publicatio |
| The_Performance_Institute Private think tank that focuses on performance-based management practices for government agencies. Includes information about their conferences, training programs, consulting services and publications |
| Public_Sector_Continuous_Improvement_Site Offers an annotated directory of online resources, articles, and other tools to help improve the performance of public sector organizations. |
| Public_Sector_Management Government of Western Australia site that provides information and publications related to public sector policies and best practices. |
| Quality_Conference_for_Public_Adminsistration_in_the_EU Site of conference held in September. Conference program and papers. |
| Renaissance_of_Public_Administration An academic project designed to appraise the concept of public administration by reassessing its roots. Includes information on the researchers and their publications. |
| All_About_Glaciers Links to glacier research and projects, glacier facts, questions and answers, a glossary, gallery, bibliography and links to glacier information on the Web. |
Fred Reines and Clyde Cowan at the Control Center of the HanfordExperiment (1953)In 1930 Wolfgang Pauli proposed a solution to the missing energy innuclear beta decays, namely that it was carried by a neutral particleThis was in a letter to the Tubingen congress. Enrico Fermi in 1933named the particle the "neutrino" and formulated a theory forcalculating the simultaneous emission of an electron with a neutrino.Pauli received the Nobel Prize in 1945 and Fermi in 1938. The problemin detection was that the neutrinos could penetrate several lightyears depth of ordinary matter before they would be stopped.In 1951 Fred Reines at Los Alamos thought about doing some realchallenging physics problem. In a conversation with Clyde Cowan theydecided to work on detecting the neutrino. Their first plans were todetect neutrinos emitted from a nuclear explosion. Realizing thatnuclear reactors could provide a neutrino flux of 10^13 neutrinos persquare centimeter per second, they instead mounted an experiment atthe Hanford nuclear reactor in 1953. The Hanford experiment had alarge background due to cosmic rays even when the reactor was off.The detector was then moved to the new Savannah River nuclear reactorin 1955. This had a well shielded location for the experiment, 11meters from the reactor center and 12 meters underground.The detection of the neutrino was as the initiator of theinverse-beta decay reaction of:anti-neutrino + proton -> neutron + positron.The target was water with CdCl_2 dissolved in it. The positron wasdetected by its slowing down and annihilating with an electronproducing two 0.5 MeV gamma rays in opposite directions. The pair ofgamma rays was detected in time coincidence in liquid scintillatorabove and below the water by photomultiplier tubes detecting thescintillation light. The neutron was also slowed by the water andcaptured by the cadmium microseconds after the positron capture. Inthe capture several gamma rays were emitted which were also detected inthe scintillator as a delayed coincidence after the positron'sannihilation gamma ray detection. The detector contained 200 litersof water in two tanks with up to 40 kg of dissolved CdCl_2. The watertanks were sandwiched between three scintillator layers whichcontained 110 5" photomultipliers each, and the whole experimentmeasured only about 2 meters in each direction.At Savannah River, Reines and Cowan carried out a series of measurementsto show that (see Reines' personal accounts below):(a) the reactor-associated delayed coincidence was consistent withtheoretical expectation;(b) the first pulse of the delayed coincidence signal was due topositron annihilation;(c) the second pulse was due to neutron capture;(d) the signal was a function of the number of target protons; and(e) the reactor-associated signal was not caused by gamma rays orneutrons from the reactor.The rarity of neutrino capture is shown in their signal rate, whichwas about three events per hour in the entire detector. The signal tobackground ratio was about four to one. Thus in 1956 was born the richand continually exciting field of experimental neutrino physics, asdiscussed in other articles in this newsletter. This discovery wasrecognized by honoring Frederick Reines with the Nobel Prize in 1995.Original papers are: "Detection of the Free Neutrino: A Confirmation", C.L. Cowan, Jr.,F. Reines, F.B. Harrison, H.W. Kruse and A.D. McGuire, Science 124, 103 (1956)."The Neutrino", Frederick Reines and Clyde L. Cowan, Jr., Nature 178,446 (1956)."Neutrino Physics", Frederick Reines and Clyde L. Cowan, Jr., PhysicsToday 10, no. 8, p.12 (1957).The history is detailed in the following accounts by Fred Reineswhich were the sources for this article:"The Early Days of Experimental Neutrino Physics", Frederick Reines,Science 203, 11 (1979)."40 Years of Neutrino Physics", Frederick Reines, Progress of Particleand Nuclear Physics, Vol. 32, 1 (1994)."The Detection of Pauli's Neutrino", F. Reines, NATO ASI series, ARW94/066,Eds. H.B. Newman and T. Ypsilantis.The history is also in the collected papers:"Neutrinos and Other Matters, Selected Works of Frederick Reines",Eds. W. Kropp, M. Moe, L. Price, J. Schultz, and H. Sobel, World Scientific, 1991.There is also an historical book:"Spaceship neutrino", Christine Sutton, Cambridge University Press 1992.The most easily accessible material may be that linked to by ourPhysics and Astronomy Department World-Wide-Web site.The links include the excellent writeup by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, historical photos, and current research projects in neutrinophysics by the neutrino group.