Analog TV Broadcast SystemsAnalog TV Broadcast SystemsBy Paul Schlyter, Stockholm, Swedenemail: pausch@stjarnhimlen.se or WWW: http://www.stjarnhimlen.se/Break out of a frameA brief history of televisionColour TV parametersNTSC (National Television Systems Committee)SECAM (SEQuentiel A Memoire ("memory sequential"))PAL (Phase Alternation Line)PAL-SIMPLE or "Poor Man's PAL"Trinitron-"PAL"Playback systemsMAC (Multiplexed Analogue Components)HDTV (High Definition TeleVision)Frame rates and lines per frame525 lines, 29.97 frames/s (NTSC/USA, "system M")625 lines, 25 frames/s (CCIR/Europe, systems B and G)Obsolete frame/line ratesColour subcarrier frequencyColour TV and early video tape recordersSubtitles: CC and TeletextStereo sound: MTS, FM-FM and NicamPC's and NTSC-525 (NTSC-M) or "Why does the PC tick 18.2 times/second?"Smartcards NTSC-525 (NTSC-M) or "Why does ISO 7816-3 specifcy a divisor of 372?"TV broadcast systems worldwideTV broadcast system parametersInternational Television Frequencies/ChannelsTV broadcast systems country by country, before ca 1990TV broadcast systems country by country, ca 2000The SCART connectorReferencesSatellite TVGeostationary orbit parametersDirection to TV satelliteEquatorial mounting of a parabolic antennaLNB's (Low-Noise Block downconverter)Microwave bandsSatellite broadcast bandsWARC-77 - European DBS-frequency allocationNorth American Satellite Channel Frequency Chart (standardized)Noise computationsLinks to other related sites1999-12-14 First version2000-11-12 Updated version2001-01-06 Updated list of national TV channelsA brief history of televisionThe fundamental principles for television was first described in the1800's. In 1884 Paul Nipkow obtained a patent on an opto-mechanicalmethod of transmitting images: the Nipkow disk, a rotating disk whichhad 24 small holes along a spiral line. This allowed scanning theimage line by line. The first practical TV transmissione wereperformed by John Logie Baird in 1926 (30 lines/frame, 5 frames/s).Baird too used an optomechanical method. The first electronic imagetube was invented by Vladimir Zworykin, who also invented the firstTV camera tube, the "iconoscope". BBC started the first regular TVbroadcasts (405 lines/frame, 25 frames/s) in England 1936 - thatsystem was in use until 1986. WW II stopped TV development, but afterthe war many other countries started TV broadcasts. France used an819 line system for many years, but most European countries didchoose a 625 line system. In USA a 525 line system was, and still is,used.The very first experimental colour TV broadcasts were performed in1928, by Baird in England and H.E. Ives in USA. The USA was first instarting regular colour TV broadcasts, in 1953. Japan was second,starting in 1960 using the american NTSC TV broadcast system. In1965 Europe failed to agree on one colour TV broadcast system: Francewent SECAM, eastern Europe decided on "a variety of SECAM", whilemost of the remainder of Europe decided to use PAL. England andGermany started regular colour TV broadcasts in 1967. By 1970regular colour TV broadcasts had started in most Europeancountries.Colour TV parametersR,G,B = signals for primary colours R, G and BY = luminance signal = 0.30 R + 0.59 G + 0.11 BLuminance information, Y, transmitted as in black-and-white TV, which givesbackwards compatibility with older black-and-white receivers.Colour information is transmitted as B-Y and R-Y. G-Y is nottransmitted, but can easily be reproduced from: G-Y = -0.51 (R-Y) - 0.19 (B-Y)In NTSC, linear combinations of B-Y and R-Y are transmitted instead.NTSC (National Television Systems Committee)The NTSC system of colour TV was developed by major US electroniccompanies (RCA, General Electric, and others) during the 1940'ies andwas finalized during the early 1950'ies. In 1953 NTSC made thatsystem the US standard for colour TV broadcasts.Instead of transmitting the B-Y and R-Y, the signals Q and I areformed, which are phase shifted 33 deg relative to R-Y and B-Y: Q = cos(33_deg) * (R-Y) - sin(33_deg) * (B-Y) I = cos(33_deg) * (B-Y) + sin(33_deg) * (R-Y)which then becomes (approximately): Q = 0.21 R - 0.52 G + 0.31 B I = 0.60 R - 0.28 G - 0.32 BBandwith of Q is reduced (to 0.5 MHz (USA/525) or 0.6 MHz (CCIR/625))and transmitted with double sideband, while I transmitted with singlesideband and full colour bandwidth (1.4 MHz (USA), 1.8 MHz (CCIR)). Qcorresponds to the complementary colour pair green-purple, where thecolour resolution of the eye is lower than for other colours; thereforethe bandwitdh of Q can be reduced without visible effects. Thereason one of Q and I must be transmitted with double sideband isthat otherwise there will be crosstalk between Q and I. Q and I aretransmitted with quadrature modulation of the colour subcarrier(quadrature modulation = AM with suppressed carrier by two signals onthe same carrier, where the sidebands of one of the signals is phaseshifted 90 degrees. As implemented in NTSC/PAL, this will yield acolour signal where amplitude represents the colour's saturation andphase its hue), where the I signal was modulated In-phase with thecarrier while the Q signal was modulated Quadrature (i.e. 90 deg outof phase) with the carrier..The color subcarrier has a frequency of 455 times half the linefrequency i.e. 3.579545 MHz, in 525-line NTSC. In CCIR 625-line NTSC(used only briefly for experimenteral purposes before Europe made PALand SECAM their standards for colour TV) the subcarrier frequency was567 times half the line frequency, or 4.4296875 MHz.The major weakness of the NTSC system is the commonly occurring phaseshifts of the colour subcarrier, causing hue shifts in the colourTV receiver - because of this, NTSC is sometimes referred to as"Never The Same Colour". This problem was addressed, and solved, intwo different ways by the european colour TV systems SECAM and PAL.Therefore, that hue control knob which is present on virtually allNTSC TV receivers is absent on SECAM and PAL TV receivers.SECAM (SEQuentiel A Memoire ("memory sequential"))In 1957, Henri de France at the french company CSF (CompagnieGenerale de Telegraphe Sans Fil) their first version of SECAM as aeuropean standard. In SECAM, one exploits the eye's reduced colorresolution also in the vertical direction. The Q and I signals ofNTSC aren't used; instead R-Y and B-Y are used as modulating signals,and are transmitted with the same bandwdth. They're not transmittedsimultaneously though, as in NTSC and PAL, but one after another: oneline contains R-Y information and the next line B-Y information, etc.A delay line of 64 usec (one "line time") in the receiver makes bothsignals available simultaneously when the final colour picture isabout to be formed.Henri de France's original suggestion was based on using AM tomodulate the colour subcarrier with R-Y and B-Y in sequence. Thismade SECAM insensitive to phase errors but not to amplitude errors.Since amplitude errors are more common than phase errors, and sincethis combined with AM and sequential transmission would makeamplitude errors cause hue shifts, this was really no improvementover NTSC. This, plus some other deficiencies, was corrected and theSECAM now in use is SECAM III or "SECAM optimalice", where frequencymodulation (FM) is used to modulate the subcarrier, and R-Y and B-Yuse different deviations and somewhat different subcarrierfrequencies. No color burst is needed as a frequency reference, andthere is also always a color subcarrier present in the video signal, even if there is no color in the image. By choosing slightlydifferent color subcarrier frequencies for the R-Y and B-Y lines,the visible interference in the luminance signal will be greatly reduced.Color signal Bandwidth Nominal subcarrier frequency Frequency shiftD(B) = -1.9(B-Y) 1.8 MHz 272 * line_freq = 4.250000 MHz +- 280 kHzD(R) = +1.5(R-Y) 1.8 MHz 282 * line_Freq = 4.406250 MHz +- 230 kHzThis is the French SECAM system for 625-lines which 1967 became the standardform colour TV braodcasts in Fance and a few other countries. There were twoother varieties of SECAM too: one variety now used in Eastern Europe.Another variety was specified for the old French 819-line TV broadcastsystem, but it was never widely used.PAL (Phase Alternation Line)During the middle 1950'ies, AEG-Telefunken in Hannover, Germany,started to investigate the hue shift problem of the NTSC system. Atfirst they tried different ways to construct the TV received, butsoon they instead focused on the way the NTSC system modulated thecolour subcarrier. Dr Walter Bruch developed the fundamental conecptof NTSC into a phase error compensating system which was named PAL("Phase Alternation Line"), where eventual phase errors are compensatedby adding another equally large phase error of the opposite sign.In 1967 PAL became the standard for colour TV broadcasts in mostcountries in western Europe.Also in PAL, the Q and I signals of NTSC aren't used; instead R-Y andB-Y are used as modulating signals, and are transmitted with thesame bandwdth.R-Y and B-Y are both transmitted with single sideband, bandwitdh 1.3MHz, by quadrature modulation of the colour subcarrier. For each newline the phase of R-Y is shifted 180 degrees. A 64 us delay line inthe receiver "remembers" the previous line, and adder circuits +phase shifters adds them up so that phase errors in the transmissioncancels out. In addition adding R-Y with the phase shifted R-Y fromthe previous line will make it appear as if R-Y was transmitted withdouble sideband -- this makes it unnecessary to transmit R-Y withdouble sideband. Therefore both R-Y and B-Y can be transmitted withsingle sideband at the full colour bandwith. PAL will thus have ahigher colour resolution for some colours than NTSC. In PALthe color subcarrier frequency is 1135 times 1/4 the line frquencyplus half the half-frame frequency. This becomes (1135 * 1/4 *15625) + (1/2 * 50) Hz = 4.43361875 MHz. A few countries like Braziluse a 525-line variety of PAL called PAL-M, which uses a colorsubcarrier frequency of 3.57561149 MHz. PAL-SIMPLE or "Poor Man's PAL"This is an implementation of PAL without the delay line in a few(very few) early colour TV receivers. It relies on the eye insteadof the delay line to cancel phase shifts. A phase shift which willcause erroneous hues in NTSC will in PAL-SIMPLE instead show up as a"colour flicker". Experiments have shown that phase shifts of 20degrees in PAL-SIMPLE makes the flicker unacceptably strong, while infull PAL a phase shift of 40 degrees is barely noticeable as a slightreduction in colour saturation. In addition there will, inPAL-SIMPLE, be a mutual interference between the B-Y and R-Y signals,since neither of them is transmitteed with double sideband, and sincethe delay line is not present one cannot emulate double sideband ofR-Y using the delay line. Thus "Poor Man's PAL" will give a colourquality even lower than NTSC. Today it's not used.Note that there is no "Poor Man's SECAM", since SECAM requires thedelay line.Trinitron-"PAL"Some early models of the Sony Trinitron included a delay line butused in a different way, to avoid having to pay patent fees toTelefunken. The colour signal was used only from each other line -the lines in between used the colour signal after the delay line. Inessence this "converts" PAL to NTSC. These receivers suffered fromthe NTSC sensitivity of phase shifts in the colour signal, thereforethey also had that hue control which is present on all NTSC receiversbut usually absent from PAL receivers.Playback systemsThese systems are never broadcast over the air, but are used on someVCR's only.MESECAMVCR's with MESECAM will record SECAM signals such that they later canbe viewed on PAL TV's. This system is incomatible with both PAL andSECAM, and a MESECAM VCR is required to play MESECAM tapes.PAL-60Also called "NTSC playback on PAL TV". A VCR featuring PAL-60 willoutput a 60 Hz video signal with PAL color. The resulting signal ispartly U.S. NTSC (NTSC synchronism) and partly PAL (PAL color), andwill be viewed on PAL TV's that are 50/60 Hz ready. If the PAL TVisn't 50/60 Hz compatible, vertical size will be incorrect and/orpicture will roll vertically. This signal may not be recorded on PALnor NTSC VCR's.NTSC 4.43This system is identical to the U.S. NTSC 3.58 except for a differentcolor subcarrier frequency.MAC (Multiplexed Analogue Components)The MAC system was originally proposed as the analog standard forEuropean HDTV, to be started in 1995. However, MAC never madeit in Europe, but was insteda used for satellite broadcasts usingstandrd resolution.A digital + analog system, used only for satellite TV broadcasts.There are five different versions of MAC: A-MAC, B-MAC, C-MAC, D-MACand D2-MAC.B-MAC is used in North America, Australia and South Africa.C-MAC and D-MAC are used in the U.K. and parts of Scandinavia.D2-MAC is used in the rest of Western Europe.MAC transmits luminance and chrominance data separately, i.e. separatesthem in time instead of frequency. Each line contains three components: a) Synch/data/sound, 198 bits, 10 us b) Chrominance, 17.5 us c) Luminance, 35 usThe luminance Y = R+G+B. The chrominance vaguely resembles SECAM:even lines carry V = R-Y and odd lines U = B-Y. MAC uses aline-sequential colour system, but sophisticated vertical filteringproduces much better results than would be obtained by simplyomitting alternate lines or taking the average value of adjacentlines.(625-line version): each line of 64 microseconds contains:Lines 1 to 623: 206 bits of synchronization, sound and data: 1 run-in bit 6 bits of line sync word 198 bit of data, in two subframes of 99 bits each 1 spare bit 4 clock periods for transition from end-of-data 15 clock periods - clamp period 10 clock periods, incl. 5 clocks for weighted transition to colour signal 349 clock periods of colour-difference component 5 clock periods for weighted transition btw colour and luminance signal 697 clock periods of luminance component 6 clock periods for weighted transition from luminance signal 4 clock periods for transition into data--------------------------------------------------------------------------1296 clock periods total per line, eack clock period ca 49.38 nsLines 624 and 625 are special:Line 624: 174 bits ??? 32 bits Clamp marker 1090 bits Reference signals instead of videoLine 625 contains frame synchronization information: 1 bit Demod run-in bit 6 bits Line sync word 32 bits Clock run-in bits 64 bits Frame sync word bits 1193 bits Service identification dataThe MAC waveform can be considered an analogue signal sampled at a rateof 20.25 MHz.MAC is especially dsigned to be used over the FM satellite channels.Its various parameters have been chosen so as to make the bestpossible use of the available spectrum. Chrominance and luminancesignal/noise ratios have been well matched to the characteristics ofan FM channel, so that a significant improvement in noise performanceis noticeable on the image, compared to PAL/SECAM/NTSC satellitebroadcasts. In addition, there is no crosstalk between the luminanceand chrominance signals. C-MAC D-MAC D2-MACStereo channels 4 3 22x15 kHz eachMin bandwidth, MHz 15 10 5On a 7 MHz channel, max luminance bandwidth becomes 4.6 Mhz and maxchrominance bandwidth 1.2 MHz. On PAL, max luminance bandwitth is3.8 MHz.Eurocrypt is a European standard of how to encrypt MAC signals. Thereare two methods of encryption:1. Component rotation: the luminance and chrominance time slices aredivided into two parts each, and the two parts will switch places withintheir time slots.2. Encryption of the data block: some binary value is added to the datablock. In the decoder the value is corrected. This method encrypts boththe image and the sound.B-MAC are used in Canada and Australia: it carries the videoinformation in essentially the same form as C/D-MAC, but carriesaudio and data in a baseband multiplex using a multi-level code,which allows the bandwidth to be reduced. This degrades the noiseperformance and reduces the sound/data capacity, but it allows B-MACsignals to be transferred unmodified on cable TV systems.HDTV - High Definition TeleVisionMost HDTV proposals work towards approximately doubling the number ofpixels in the horizontal and vertical direction. The old French819-line TV standard (discontinued in 1986) went about half-waytowards this goal. Some proposed HDTV systems and current analogsystems are:Name Total Active Vert Horiz Opt Asp Vert Horiz Band- lines lines res res view ratio field field width dist deg deg MHzHDTV 1050 960 675 600 2.5H 16/9 23 41 8USAAnalog HDTV 1250 1000 700 700 2.4H 16/9 23 41 9EuropeAnalog HDTV 1125 1080 540 600 3.3H 16/9 17 30 20NHKNTSCconv. 525 484 242 330 7H 4/3 8 11 4.2prog. 525 484 340 330 5H 4/3 12 16 4.2PALconv. 625 575 290 425 6H 4/3 10 13 5.5prog. 625 575 400 425 4.3H 4/3 13 18 5.5SECAMconv. 625 575 290 465 6H 4/3 10 13 6prog. 625 575 400 465 4.3H 4/3 13 18 6The only "in-service" HDTV system is the current NHK satellitebroadcast system in Japan, which has 8.15 MHz bandwidth per channelavailable, while the HDTV signal itself requires some 20 MHzbandwidth - it works by compressing the video signal. That system iscalled "MUSE".The MAC system was originally intended for HDTVbroadcasts in Europe to be started in 1995. But that didn't happen,and today MAC is instead used for satellite broadcasts using standard625-line resolution.It now appears likely that the first widely used HDTV system will bean all-digital system.Frame rates and lines per frame525 lines, 29.97 frames/s (NTSC/USA, "system M")Traditional B&W: frame frequency = fv = 30 Hz line frequency = fh = 525 * fv = 15750 HzColour: line and frame frequencies had to be reduced by about 0.1% tomake the sound subcarrier frequency at 4.5 MHz an even multiple ofthe line frequency - this tends to minimize interference from thecolour signal into the sound signal. It was NOT feasible to modifythe sound subcarrier frequency since old TV's would be unable to lockinto the modified sound frequency, however old TV's would have nodifficulty syncing into the modified line/frame frequencies: sound subcarrier = fs = 4.5 MHz line frequency = fh = fs/286 = 15734.2657343.... Hz frame frequency = fv = fh/525 = 29.9700299701.... Hz625 lines, 25 frames/s (CCIR/Europe, systems B and G) frame frequency = fv = 25 Hz line frequency = fh = 625 * fv = 15625 Hz sound subcarrier = fs = 352 * fh = 5.5 MHzSince the sound subcarrier frequency already was an even multiple ofthe line frequency from the beginning, no adjustments to line/framefrequencies needed to be made when colour TV was introduced.Obsolete frame/line ratesNipkow 1884: 24 lines. Patent granted but no practical TV transmissionsBaird 1926: 5 frames/s, 30 lines, black-and-white experimental transmissionsBaird 1928: 5 frames/s, 30 lines, first experimental colour TV transmissionsEngland (Baird): 25 frames/s, 240 lines, fh = 6000 Hz - used Nov-36 - Feb-37England: 25 frames/s, 405 lines, fh = 10125 Hz - used 1936 - 1986France: 25 frames/s, 441 lines, fh = 11025 Hz - discontinued in 1956. This is the German pre-WWII TV standard.France: 25 frames/s, 819 lines, fh = 20475 Hz - discontinued in 1986Colour subcarrier frequency = fu:This frequency must be selected with great care, since it, includingsidebands (also known as the "colour signal") resides wholly withinthe band of the luminance (also known as the "black-and-whitesignal"). By necessity the colour signal will interfere with theblack-and-white signal. By careful selection of the colour subcarrierfrequency the visible effects of this mutual interference can beminimized.NTSC: The colour subcarrier's frequency should be an odd multipleof half the line frequency, which will make the colour informationcancel out between alternate frames in the luminance signal. Itshould also be as high as possible within the avavilable bandwidth of5 MHz. Since Q must be transmitted with double sideband (0.6 MHzbandwith) the colour subcarrier must be approximately 0.6 MHz belowthe upper band limit Mhz. The frequency used is:NTSC-M (USA, 525 lines): fu = 455/2 * fh = 3579545.454545.... Hzwhere 455 = 5*7*13 i.e. the factor 455 can be implemented as frequency dividers by 5, 7 and 13.NTSC-B & G (CCIR, 625 lines, not used today): fu = 567/2 * fh = 4429687.5 Hzwhere 567 = 3*3*3*7 i.e. the factor 567 can be implemented as frequency dividers by 3 and 7.PAL: The alternating phases of R-Y complicates matters. If the coloursubcarrier frequency was to be selected the same way as for NTSC, thePAL phase switch would partially cancel the "alternate frame cencelout" of the colour subcarrier's visibility in the luminance signal.Therefore in PAL one chooses the colour subcarrier's frequency as amultiple of a quarter of the line frequency (which gives theinterference in Y a diagonal pattern, which is less disturbing), plushalf the frame frequency (which gives the interference pattern anopposite phase between alternate frames, and also gives it anapparent vertical motion). The frequency used is:PAL-B & G (CCIR 625 lines): fu = fh * 1135/4 + fv = 4433618.75 HzPAL-M (525 lines): fu = fh * 909/4 = 3575611.88812... HzUsed in Brazil, Laos and ThailandSECAM: Colour subcarrier uses FM, therefore its precise value isnot critical.SECAM-B,D,G,H,K,K1,L (CCIR, 625 lines, 5/5.5/6 MHz bandwidth): "Red" lines: fu = 282 * fh = 4.406250 MHz "Blue" lines: fu = 272 * fh = 4.250000 MHzRussia uses SECAM-D on VHF and SECAM-K on UHFSECAM-M (525 lines, used in Cambodia and Vietnam): fu = 3.57 MHz ?SECAM-France (819 lines, 10 MHz bandwidth): fu = 8.37 MHzObsolete - was specified but never widely used.Colour TV and early video tape recordersDue to the phase sensitivity of NTSC, older B&W video tape recorderscould not be used to tape NTSC colour TV. The equipment had to have acomplicated system installed which compensated the flutter that'spresent even in good video tape recorders.SECAM colour TV was insensitive to this flutter, however since SECAMuses FM on its colour subcarrier, the frequency spectrum becamecomplicated and the risk of intermodulation, causing interferencepatterns in the picture, was large.PAL caused the least problems on video tape recorders -- whenrecording PAL colour TV, old B&W video tape recorders could be usedwith fewer problems. However PAL video tape recorders now alsohas servo circuits compensating the flutter.Subtitles: CC and TeletextCC - Closed CaptioningTransmitted on line 21 of NTSC/525 (M) transmissions, containingsubtitling information only. CC has no support for block graphics ormultiple pages but it can support 8 colours and the use of an italictypeface. Frequently found on prerecorded VHS cassettes and LDs, alsoused on broadcast. Also found on PAL/625 prerecorded VHS cassettes in amodified version.Teletext/"Text TV" (625 lines)Uses the frame switch time to transmit additional information of200-700 "pages" covering a wide range of topics including TVschedules, News, Financial information, Comments and reviews andConcert & Theatre information. Subtitles are typically transmittedon page 888 in the UK, 199/299/399 on Belgium and Holland, 150 inGermany and 777 in Italy. There are a number of variant charactersused, but the encoding is identical and all English alphabetcharacters plus numbers and most punctuation can be handled by anydecoder. Includes support for 8 colours, and limited block graphics,and selective revealing of underlying TV picture. Transmitted on avariable number of lines, starting on line 12 and continuing for 7-8lines typically. A maximum of 35 lines per frame can be used, andeach line can hold up to 360 bits. Found on broadcasts and someLaserDiscs. Recording of Teletext signals is marginal on S-VHS andalmost impossible on VHS, hence the PAL/625 version of CC.Stereo sound: MTS, FM-FM and NicamMTSUsed in conjunction with NTSC/525 (M): two indepedent carriers eachcarry a discrete channel. One channel provides stereo sound byproviding left/right channel difference signals, relative totransmitted mono audio track. The second carrier carries theSecondary Audio Program (SAP) which is used for a second language ora descriptive commentary for the blind. Uses a technique based on theDBX noise reduction to improve frequency response of the audio channel.FM-FMDual carrier FM coded discrete stereo transmissions, analogue. Can beused for bi-lingual operation under user selection, but no auto-selectionis available. Audio characteristics better than standard mono soundtrack.NICAM (Near-Instantaneously Companded Audio Multiplex) stereo (625 lines)Full name NICAM 728. Each stereo channel is sampled at 32 kHz andregistered with 14 bits resolution. 32 samples/channel is called ablock. In each block the highest value is identified, and the rest ofthe block is reduced to 10 bits per sample. Thus 14 bits (=84 dBdynamics) can be transferred even though only 10 of the 14 bitsactually are transmitted. The total bit rate, including checksums,extra channel and error correcting codes, is 728 kBits/s. This digitalsignal is modulating by QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) a carrier5.85 MHz above the video carrier = 0.35 MHz above the FM sound carrier.Nicam can tranmit stereo sound with a quality approaching CD quality.PC's and NTSC-525 (NTSC-M) or"Why does the PC tick 18.2 times/second?"The timer tick count in PC's increments about 18.2 times/second,which closely corresponds to 65536 (=10000hex) ticks per hour. Wasthe intention to make this exactly 65536 ticks/hour? No, this isjust a concicdence.The system clock is nominally 14.31818 MHz. This is divided by 12 togive the 1.19318166666... MHz clock to the 8253/8254 (which is oftenincorrectly said to be 1.193180 MHz). This frequency is divided by65536 in channel zero of the 8253/8254 to give the timer tick rate of18.206507364909 Hz nominal, with a cycle period of 54.92541649846559ms nominal. There are 65543.4265 ticks in an hour.There are 1573042.24 ticks in a day, but when the BIOS was written,the 1.19318166666... MHz frequency was approximated to 1.193180 MHz,so the BIOS writers used 1573040 (001800B0 hex) ticks per day. Thiscontributes a 1.42166 ppm error, which is insignificant compared tothe clock frequency inaccuracy (the absolute accuracy of the 14.31818MHz clock depends mainly on the quality of the 14.31818 MHz crystalor crystal oscillator module. Initial frequency errors of +/- 20 ppm(0.002%) are common. Temperature and age will also cause frequencydrift. )1573042.24 ticks/day corresponds to 65543.43 ticks/hour, which is0.011% more than 65536 ticks/hour - if the intention was 65536ticks/hour exactly, they could certainly have made the agreementbetter than that!The input frequency to the timer chip is 14.31818 MHz / 12 =1.19318166666... MHz. If we instead divide by 4 we get: 14.31818 MHz / 4 = 3.579545 MHzwhich is exactly the same as the NTSC-M (525 lines) colour subcarrierfrequency of 3579545 Hz.Thus it appears that the frequency of the PC's timer tick wasselected in order to use the same quartz crystal to also generate anNTSC-525 colour subcarrier frequency by simply feeding the timer chipfrequency into a x3 frequency multiplier. The good ol' CGAvideo/graphics cards are, as you may remember, able to output notjust RGB video signals but also an NTSC-525 colour composite videosignal, which can be fed into the video input of any NTSC-525 colourTV received.So there we are -- the PC's somewhat odd timer tick frequency ofabout 18.2 ticks/s is due to NTSC's choice of colour subcarrierfrequency for 525-lines, plus IBM's desire to keep down the number ofquartz crystals on the original IBM PC. It also enqbled that crystalto be obtained cheaply, since it already was produced in hugevolumes, for all those colour TV sets out there.Smartcards NTSC-525 (NTSC-M) or"Why does ISO 7816-3 specifcy a divisor of 372?"The NTSC-M colour frequency wasn't only selected in PC's but in otherelectronic equipment too. Consider for instance the standard ISO7816-3 for smartcards, which specifies that the clock frequency intothe smart card should be divided by 372 to get the bps rate of theI/O to/from the smartcard. The factor 372 is pretty awkward as adividing factor, so why was it selected? Because the NTSC coloursubcarrier frequency, 3579545 Hz, divided by 372 becomes 9622.432...,which is close enough to 9600 to be used as a base for the common bitrate of 9600 bps. Thus, by choosing 372 as a divisor, NTSC coloursubcarrier crystals could be used as a freuency base in smart cardreaders, making them cheaper to produce.TV broadcast systems worldwideClick on image to get a larger image PAL/SECAM/NTSC worldwide 1990 PAL/SECAM/NTSC worldwide 2000 Lines per frame (525 or 625) worldwide Mains voltage (110/125 or 220 V) worldwide Mains frequency (50 Hz or 60 Hz) worldwide DVD regions worldwideTV broadcast system parametersTotal Active Vertical Aspect Horizontal Frate ratelines lines resolution ratio resolution525 484 242 4/3 427 30 or 29.94625 575 290 4/3 425 25Sys- Lines Frames Lines Ch bw Vid bw Vid-Aud Vestig Video Color Sound Country/tem /s /s MHz MHz sep, MHz sb MHz mod MHz mod swing organization kHz(A) 405 25 10125 5 3 -3.5 0.75 C3Fpos -- A3E -- England B 625 25 15625 7 5 +5.5 0.75 C3Fneg 4.433618 F3E 50 EBU(C) 625 25 15625 7 5 +5.5 0.75 C3Fpos -- A3E -- Belgium D 625 25 15625 8 6 +6.5 0.75 C3Fneg 4.433618 F3E 50 Soviet Union(E) 819 25 20475 14 10 +-11.15 2 C3Fpos (8.37) A3E -- France(F) 819 25 20475 7 5 +5.5 0.75 C3Fpos A3E -- G 625 25 15625 8 5 +5.5 0.75 C3Fneg 4.433618 F3E 50 EBU H 625 25 15625 8 5 +5.5 1.25 C3Fneg 4.433618 F3E 50 Belgium I 625 25 15625 8 5.5 +5.996 1.25 C3Fneg 4.433618 F3E 50 England K 625 25 15625 8 6 +6.5 0.75 C3Fneg 4.3 F3E 50 Soviet Union(K') 625 25 15625 8 6 +6.5 1.25 C3Fneg 4.3 F3E 50 L 625 25 15625 8 6 +6.5 1.25 C3Fpos 4.3 A3E -- FranceM/b&w 525 30 15750 6 4.2 +4.5 0.75 C3Fneg -- F3E 25 USA/JapanM/NTSC 525 29.97 15734 6 4.2 +4.5 0.75 C3Fneg 3.579545 F3E 25 USA/JapanM/PAL 525 29.97 15734 6 4.2 +4.5 0.75 C3Fneg 3.575611 F3E 25 Brazil N 625 25 15625 6 4.2 +4.5 0.75 C3Fneg 3.582056 F3E 25 ArgentinaSystem Band Video Colour Video Audio Band Band lower lower freq lvl upper freq lvl upper widthM,N -1.25 -0.75 3.58 -7 4.2 4.5 -7 4.75 6.0B -1.25 -0.75 4.43 -16 5.0 5.5 -10 5.75 7.0L -1.25 -0.75 4.43 -16 6.0 6.5 -10 6.75 8.0G -1.25 -0.75 4.43 -16 5.0 5.5 -13 6.75 8.0 dual sound 5.74 -20Colour TV standard parametersSystem NTSC ----------------------- PAL ------------------------- SECAMCCIR M B,G,H I M N B,D,G,H,K,LLuminance ----------------------------- Y = 0.299 R + 0.587 G + 0.114 B -----------------------signalChrominance I=-0.27(B-Y) ------------------- U=0.493(B-Y) --------------------- D(B)=1.505(B-Y) +0.74(R-Y) ------------------- V=0.877(R-Y) --------------------- D(R)=-1.902(R-Y)signals Q=+0.41(B-Y) +0.48(R-Y)ColoursubcarrierModulation ------------------ QAM - Quadrature Amplitude Modulation ------------ FMFrequency 3.579545 MHz 4.43361875 4.43361875 3.57561149 3.58205625 MHz f(B)=4.25000 MHz +-10 Hz +-5 Hz +-5 Hz +-10 Hz +-10 Hz f(R)=4.40625 MHz +- 2 kHzColour burst min 8 10 +- 1 10 +- 1 9 +- 1 9 +- 1 noneduration(periods)Systems A, C, E, F and K' are obsolete and no longer used. Theseobsolete systems were used in:A: England, Ireland: discontinued in 1986.C: BelgiumE: France, Monaco: discontinued in 1986F: K': French overseas territoriesInternational Television Frequencies/Channels (MHz)The symbol # indicates this system applies to VHF only; UHF channelsuse the Western European system.A: USA and other North American countries. Also used in Korea, Taiwan, the Phillippines, and some Pacific Island countriesB: Ireland #C: P.R. ChinaD: AustraliaE: Western Europe and many other countries in Africa, Asia, and the PacificF: France #G: New Zealand #I: Italy #J: Japan K: French Overseas Territories #M: Morocco #R: Eastern Europe & Russia #S: South Africa #U: U.K. # OBSOLETE - old VHF channels no longer used in the U.K. European channels, system B (VHF) and G,H (UHF)Western Europe and many other countries in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. Some countries use 5.5 MHz audio/video separation with this system;other countries use 6.5 MHz. Ireland uses 6.0 MHz. Many of thecountries using this system have a second audio carrier with digitalstereo audio. The UK uses only the UHF channels in this system; there is no VHF TV in the UK Band width: 7 MHz VHF (System B: VHF Band I,III) 8 MHz UHF (System H: UHF Band IV,V)Starts at: -1.25 MHzVideo carrier: 0.00 MHzColour subcarr: 4.43 MHzAudio carrier: 5.50 MHzEnds at: 5.75 MHz System B, VHF 6.75 MHz System G, UHF625-line TV IFChannel Band limits Carriers Video AudioTV IF 33.15 40.15 38.90 33.40European Air channels, VHF band IChannel Band limits Carriers Video AudioE2 47 54 48.25 53.75E2A 48.5 55.5 49.75 55.25E3 54 61 55.25 60.75E4 61 68 62.25 67.75European Cable channelsChannel Band limits Carriers Video AudioX 68 75 69.25 74.75Y 75 82 76.25 81.75Z 82 89 83.25 88.75S3 118 125 119.25 124.75S4 125 132 126.25 131.75S5 132 139 133.25 138.75S6 139 146 140.25 145.75S7 146 153 147.25 152.75S8 153 160 154.25 159.75S9 160 167 161.25 166.75S10 167 174 168.25 173.75European Air channels, VHF band IIIChannel Band limits Carriers Video AudioE5 174 181 175.25 180.75E6 181 188 182.25 187.75E7 188 195 189.25 194.75E8 195 202 196.25 201.75E9 202 209 203.25 208.75E10 209 216 210.25 215.75E11 216 223 217.25 222.75E12 223 230 224.25 229.75European Cable channelsChannel Band limits Carriers Video AudioS11 230 237 231.25 236.75S12 237 244 238.25 243.75S13 244 251 245.25 250.75S14 251 258 252.25 257.75S15 258 265 259.25 264.75S16 265 272 266.25 271.75S17 272 279 273.25 278.75S18 279 286 280.25 285.75S19 286 293 287.25 292.75S20 293 300 294.25 299.75European Cable channels, hyper bandChannel Band limits Carriers Video AudioS21 302 310 303.25 308.75S22 310 318 311.25 316.75S23 318 326 319.25 324.75S24 326 334 327.25 332.75S25 334 342 335.25 340.75S26 342 350 343.25 348.75S27 350 358 351.25 356.75S28 358 366 359.25 364.75S29 366 374 367.25 372.75S30 374 382 375.25 380.75S31 382 390 383.25 388.75S32 390 398 391.25 396.75S33 398 406 399.25 404.75S34 406 414 407.25 412.75S35 414 422 415.25 420.75S36 422 430 423.25 428.75S37 430 438 431.25 436.75S38 438 446 439.25 444.75S39 446 454 447.25 452.75S40 454 462 455.25 460.75S41 462 470 463.25 468.75European Air channels, UHF band IVChannel Band limits Carriers Video Audio Audio (6.5)E21 470 478 471.25 476.75 477.75E22 478 486 479.25 484.75 485.75E23 486 494 487.25 492.75 493.75E24 494 502 495.25 500.75 501.75E25 502 510 503.25 508.75 509.75E26 510 518 511.25 516.75 517.75E27 518 526 519.25 524.75 525.75E28 526 534 527.25 532.75 533.75E29 534 542 535.25 540.75 541.75E30 542 550 543.25 548.75 549.75E31 550 558 551.25 556.75 557.75E32 558 566 559.25 564.75 565.75E33 566 574 567.25 572.75 573.75E34 574 582 575.25 580.75 581.75E35 582 590 583.25 588.75 589.75E36 590 598 591.25 596.75 597.75E37 598 606 599.25 604.75 605.75E38 606 614 607.25 612.75 613.75E39 614 622 615.25 620.75 621.75European Air channels, UHF band VChannel Band limits Carriers Video Audio Audio (6.5)E40 622 630 623.25 628.75 629.75E41 630 638 631.25 636.75 637.75E42 638 646 639.25 644.75 645.75E43 646 654 647.25 652.75 653.75E44 654 662 655.25 660.75 661.75E45 662 670 663.25 668.75 669.75E46 670 678 671.25 676.75 677.75E47 678 686 679.25 684.75 685.75E48 686 694 687.25 692.75 693.75E49 694 702 695.25 700.75 701.75E50 702 710 703.25 708.75 709.75E51 710 718 711.25 716.75 717.75E52 718 726 719.25 724.75 725.75E53 726 734 727.25 732.75 733.75E54 734 742 735.25 740.75 741.75E55 742 750 743.25 748.75 749.75E56 750 758 751.25 756.75 757.75E57 758 766 759.25 764.75 765.75E58 766 774 767.25 772.75 773.75E59 774 782 775.25 780.75 781.75E60 782 790 783.25 788.75 789.75E61 790 798 791.25 796.75 797.75E62 798 806 799.25 804.75 805.75E63 806 814 807.25 812.75 813.75E64 814 822 815.25 820.75 821.75E65 822 830 823.25 828.75 829.75E66 830 838 831.25 836.75 837.75E67 838 846 839.25 844.75 845.75E68 846 854 847.25 852.75 853.75E69 854 862 855.25 860.75 861.75UHF: Europe/Africa, Systems G,H,I,K,L, 625 linesVideo freq as above for E21-E69Audio freq. 5.5 MHz (G,H), 6.0 MHz (I) or 6.5 MHz (K,L) aboveFrench, system E(OBSOLETE - discontinued in 1986)Band width: 13.15 MHzStarts at: -+1.75 MHzVideo carrier: 0.00 MHzColour subcarr: (only B&W)Audio carrier: 11.15 MHzEnds at: 11.40 MHzChannel Band limits Carriers Video AudioF2 41.00 54.15 52.40 41.25F4 54.15 67.30 65.55 54.40F5 162.25 175.15 164.00 175.15F6 162.00 175.15 173.40 162.25F7 175.40 188.55 177.15 188.30F8A 174.00 188.00 185.25 174.10F8 175.15 188.30 186.55 175.40F9 188.55 201.70 190.30 201.45F10 188.30 201.45 199.70 188.55F11 201.70 214.85 203.45 214.60F12 201.45 214.60 212.85 201.70 French overseas territories, system K' #(discontinued)Band width: 8 MHzStarts at: -1.25 MHzVideo carrier: 0.00 MHzColour subcarr: 4.43 MHzAudio carrier: 6.50 MHzEnds at: 6.75 MHzChannel Band limits Carriers Video AudioK4 174 182 175.25 181.75K5 182 190 183.25 189.75K6 190 198 191.25 197.75K7 198 206 199.25 205.75K8 206 214 207.25 213.75K9 214 222 215.25 221.75French, system L #Band width: 8 MHzStarts at: -1.75 MHzVideo carrier: 0.00 MHzColour subcarr: (only B&W)Audio carrier: 6.50 MHzEnds at: 6.75 MHzChannel Band limits Carriers Video AudioF2 49.00 57.00 55.75 49.25F3 53.75 61.75 60.50 54.00F4 55.00 65.00 63.75 57.25F5 174.75 182.85 176.00 182.50F6 182.75 190.75 184.00 190.50F7 190.75 198.75 192.00 198.50F8 198.75 206.75 200.00 206.50F9 206.75 214.75 208.00 214.50F10 214.75 222.75 216.00 222.50British, system A #(OBSOLETE - discontinued in 1985)Band width: 5 MHzStarts at: +1.25 MHzVideo carrier: 0.00 MHzColour subcarr: (only B&W)Audio carrier: -3.50 MHzEnds at: -3.75 MHzChannel Band limits Carriers Video AudioB1 41.25 46.25 45.00 41.50B2 48 53 51.75 48.25B3 53 58 56.75 53.25B4 58 63 61.75 58.25B5 63 68 66.75 63.25B6 176 181 179.75 176.25B7 181 186 184.75 181.25B8 186 191 189.75 186.25B9 191 196 194.75 191.25B10 196 201 199.75 196.25B11 201 206 204.75 201.25B12 206 211 209.75 206.25B13 211 216 214.75 211.25B14 216 221 219.75 216.25Ireland, system I #(discontinued)Band width: 8 MHzStarts at: -1.25 MHzVideo carrier: 0.00 MHzColour subcarr: (only B&W)Audio carrier: 6.00 MHzEnds at: 6.75 MHzChannel Band limits Carriers Video AudioA 44.5 52.5 45.75 51.75B 52.5 60.5 53.75 59.75C 60.5 68.5 61.75 67.75D 174 128 175.25 181.25E 182 190 183.25 189.25F 190 198 191.25 197.25G 198 206 199.25 205.25H 206 212 207.25 213.25I 214 222 215.25 221.25J 222 230 223.25 229.25Italy, system B #(discontinued)Band width: 7 MHzStarts at: -1.25 MHzVideo carrier: 0.00 MHzColour subcarr: 4.43 MHzAudio carrier: 5.50 MHzEnds at: 5.75 MHzChannel Band limits Carriers Video AudioA 52.5 59.5 53.75 59.25B 61 68 62.25 67.75C 81 88 82.25 87.75D 174 181 175.25 180.75E 182.5 189.5 183.75 189.25F 191 198 192.25 197.75G 200 207 201.25 206.75H 209 216 210.25 215.75H1 216 223 217.25 222.75Russia, system D #Band width: 8 MHzStarts at: -1.25 MHzVideo carrier: 0.00 MHzColour subcarr: 4.43 MHzAudio carrier: 6.50 MHzEnds at: 6.75 MHz* These channels are being phased out in favor of FM radio Channel Band limits Carriers Video AudioR1 48.5 56.5 49.75 56.25R2 58 66 59.25 65.75R3 78 84 77.25 83.75R4* 84 92 85.25 91.75R5* 92 100 93.25 99.75R6 174 182 175.25 181.75R7 182 190 183.25 189.75R8 190 198 191.25 197.75R9 198 206 199.25 205.75R10 206 214 207.25 213.75R11 214 222 215.25 221.75R12 222 230 223.25 229.75Morocco, System B #Band width: 7 MHzStarts at: -1.25 MHzVideo carrier: 0.00 MHzColour subcarr: 4.43 MHzAudio carrier: 5.50 MHzEnds at: 5.75 MHzChannel Band limits Carriers Video AudioM4 162 169 163.25 168.75M5 170 177 171.25 176.75M6 178 185 179.25 184.75M7 186 193 187.25 192.75M8 194 201 195.25 200.75M9 202 209 203.25 208.75M10 210 217 211.25 216.75South Africa, System I #Band width: 8 MHzStarts at: -1.25 MHzVideo carrier: 0.00 MHzColour subcarr: (only B&W)Audio carrier: 6.00 MHzEnds at: 6.75 MHzChannel Band limits Carriers Video AudioS4 174 182 175.25 181.75S5 182 190 183.25 189.75S6 190 198 191.25 197.75S7 198 206 199.25 205.75S8 206 214 207.25 213.75S9 214 222 215.25 221.75S10 222 230 223.25 229.75S11 230 238 231.25 237.75S12 238 246 239.25 245.75S13 246 254 247.25 253.75Australia, System BBand width: 7 MHzStarts at: -1.25 MHzVideo carrier: 0.00 MHzColour subcarr: 4.43 MHzAudio carrier: 5.50 MHzEnds at: 5.75 MHz* These channels are being (have been) phased out. Channel Band limits Carriers Video AudioD0* 45 52 46.25 51.75D1 56 63 57.25 62.75D2 63 70 64.25 69.75D3* 85 92 86.25 91.75D4* 94 101 95.25 100.75D5* 101 108 102.25 107.75D5A* 137 144 138.25 143.75D6 174 181 175.25 180.75D7 181 188 182.25 187.75D8 188 195 189.25 194.75D9 195 202 196.25 201.75D10 208 215 209.25 214.75D11 215 222 216.25 221.75D28 526 533 527.25 532.75D29 533 540 534.25 539.75D30 540 547 541.25 546.75D31 547 554 548.25 553.75D32 554 561 555.25 560.75D33 561 568 562.25 567.75D34 568 575 569.25 574.75D35 575 582 576.25 581.75D36 582 589 583.25 588.75D37 589 596 590.25 595.75D38 596 603 597.25 602.75D39 603 610 604.25 609.75D40 610 617 611.25 616.75D41 617 624 618.25 623.75D42 624 631 625.25 630.75D43 631 638 632.25 637.75D44 638 645 639.25 644.75D45 645 652 646.25 651.75D46 652 659 653.25 658.75D47 659 666 660.25 665.75D48 666 673 667.25 672.75D49 673 680 674.25 679.75D50 680 687 681.25 686.75D51 687 694 688.25 693.75D52 694 701 695.25 700.75D53 701 708 702.25 707.75D54 708 715 709.25 714.75D55 715 722 716.25 721.75D56 722 729 723.25 728.75D57 729 736 730.25 735.75D58 736 743 737.25 742.75D59 743 750 744.25 749.75D60 750 757 751.25 756.75D61 757 764 758.25 763.75D62 764 771 765.25 770.75D63 771 778 772.25 777.75D64 778 785 779.25 784.75D65 785 792 786.25 791.75D66 792 799 793.25 798.75D67 799 806 800.25 805.75D68 806 813 807.25 812.75D69 813 820 814.25 819.75New Zealand, System B #Band width: 7 MHzStarts at: -1.25 MHzVideo carrier: 0.00 MHzColour subcarr: 4.43 MHzAudio carrier: 5.50 MHzEnds at: 5.75 MHzChannel Band limits Carriers Video AudioG1 44 51 45.25 50.75G2 54 61 55.25 60.75G3 61 68 62.25 67.75G4 174 181 175.25 180.75G5 181 188 182.25 187.75G6 188 195 189.25 194.75G7 195 202 196.25 201.75G8 202 209 203.25 208.75G9 209 216 210.25 215.75P.R. China, System D/KBand width: 8 MHzStarts at: -1.25 MHzVideo carrier: 0.00 MHzColour subcarr: 4.43 MHzAudio carrier: 6.50 MHzEnds at: 6.75 MHz Channel Band limits Carriers Video AudioC1 48.5 56.5 49.75 56.25C2 56.5 64.5 57.75 64.25C3 64.5 72.5 65.75 72.25C4 76 84 77.25 83.75C5 84 92 85.25 91.75C6 167 175 168.25 174.75C7 175 183 176.25 182.75C8 183 191 184.25 190.75C9 191 199 192.25 198.75C10 199 207 200.25 206.75C11 207 215 208.25 214.75C12 215 223 216.25 222.75C13 470 478 471.25 477.75C14 478 486 479.25 485.75C15 486 494 487.25 493.75C16 494 502 495.25 501.75C17 502 510 503.25 509.75C18 510 518 511.25 517.75C19 518 526 519.25 525.75C20 526 534 527.25 533.75C21 534 542 535.25 541.75C22 542 550 543.25 549.75C23 550 558 551.25 557.75C24 558 566 559.25 565.75C25 604 612 605.25 611.75C26 612 620 613.25 619.75C27 620 628 621.25 627.75C28 628 636 629.25 635.75C29 636 644 637.25 643.75C30 644 652 645.25 651.75C31 652 660 653.25 659.75C32 660 668 661.25 667.75C33 668 676 669.25 675.75C34 676 684 677.25 683.75C35 684 692 685.25 691.75C36 692 700 693.25 699.75Japan, System MJapan uses the same color and scanning systems as the USA, so U.S.receivers and Japanese receivers are interchangeable on UHF. Japanese VHF channelsChannel Band limits Carriers Video AudioJ1 90 96 91.25 95.75J2 96 102 97.25 101.75J3 102 108 103.25 107.75J4 170 176 171.25 175.75J5 176 182 177.25 181.75J6 182 188 183.25 187.75J7 188 192 189.25 193.75J8 192 200 195.25 199.75J9 200 206 201.25 205.75J10 206 212 207.25 211.75J11 212 218 213.25 217.75J12 218 226 219.25 223.75Japanese UHF channelsChannel Band limits Carriers US channel Video AudioJ13 470 476 471.25 475.75 14J14 476 482 477.25 481.75 15J15 482 488 483.25 487.75 16J16 488 494 489.25 493.75 17J17 494 500 495.25 499.75 18J18 500 506 501.25 505.75 19J19 506 512 507.25 511.75 20J20 512 518 513.25 517.75 21J21 518 524 519.25 523.75 22J22 524 530 525.25 529.75 23J23 530 536 531.25 535.75 24J24 536 542 537.25 541.75 25J25 542 548 543.25 547.75 26J26 548 554 549.25 553.75 27J27 554 560 555.25 559.75 28J28 560 566 561.25 565.75 29J29 566 572 567.25 571.75 30J30 572 578 573.25 577.75 31J31 578 584 579.25 583.75 32J32 584 590 585.25 589.75 33J33 590 596 591.25 595.75 34J34 596 602 597.25 601.75 35J35 602 608 603.25 607.75 36J36 608 614 609.25 613.75 37J37 614 620 615.25 619.75 38J38 620 626 621.25 625.75 39J39 626 632 627.25 631.75 40J40 632 638 633.25 637.75 41J41 638 644 639.25 643.75 42J42 644 650 645.25 649.75 43J43 650 656 651.25 655.75 44J44 656 662 657.25 661.75 45J45 662 668 663.25 667.75 46J46 668 674 669.25 673.75 47J47 674 680 675.25 679.75 48J48 680 686 681.25 685.75 49J49 686 692 687.25 691.75 50J50 692 698 693.25 697.75 51J51 698 704 699.25 703.75 52J52 704 710 705.25 709.75 53J53 710 716 711.25 715.75 54J54 716 722 717.25 721.75 55J55 722 728 723.25 727.75 56J56 728 734 729.25 733.75 57J57 734 740 735.25 739.75 58J58 740 746 741.25 745.75 59J59 746 752 747.25 751.75 60J60 752 758 753.25 757.75 61J61 758 764 759.25 763.75 62J62 764 770 765.25 769.75 63North American Television Frequencies/Channels (MHz)Also used in Korea, Taiwan, the Phillipines, and some Pacific Islandcountries.Band width: 6 MHzStarts at: -1.25 MHzVideo carrier: 0.00 MHzColour subcarr: 3.58 MHzAudio carrier: 4.50 MHzEnds at: 4.75 MHzNorth American Sub band (cable)Channel Band limits Carriers Video AudioT-7 5.75 11.75 7.00 11.50T-8 11.75 17.75 13.00 17.50T-9 17.75 23.75 19.00 23.50T-10 23.75 29.75 25.00 29.50T-11 29.75 35.75 31.00 35.50T-12 35.75 41.75 37.00 41.50T-13 41.75 47.75 43.00 47.50525-line TV IFChannel Band limits Carriers Video AudioTV-IF 40 46 45.75 41.25North American Low band (air)Channel Band limits Carriers Video AudioA2 54 60 55.25 59.75A3 60 66 61.25 65.75A4 66 72 67.25 71.7554 IRC 72 78 73.25 77.75A5 76 82 77.25 81.7555 IRC 78 84 79.25 83.75A6 82 88 83.25 87.7556 IRC 84 90 85.25 89.75North American FM band (cable)Channel Band limits Carriers Video Audio57 I A-5 90 96 91.25 95.7558 I A-5 96 102 97.25 101.7559 I A-5 102 108 103.25 107.7598 108 114 109.275 113.77599 114 120 115.275 119.775North American Mid Band (cable)Channel Band limits Carriers Video Audio14 A 120 126 121.2625 125.762515 B 126 132 127.2625 131.762516 C 132 138 133.2625 137.762517 D 138 144 139.25 143.7518 E 144 150 145.25 149.7519 F 150 156 151.25 155.7520 G 156 162 157.25 161.7521 H 162 168 163.25 167.7522 I 168 174 169.25 173.75North American Hi Band (air)Channel Band limits Carriers Video AudioA7 174 180 175.25 179.75A8 180 186 181.25 185.75A9 186 192 187.25 191.75A10 192 198 193.25 197.75A11 198 204 199.25 203.75A12 204 210 205.25 209.75A13 210 216 211.25 215.75North American Super Band (cable)Channel Band limits Carriers Video Audio23 J 216 222 217.25 221.7524 K 222 228 223.25 227.7525 L 228 234 229.2625 233.762526 M 234 240 235.2625 239.762527 N 240 246 241.2625 245.762528 O 246 252 247.2625 251.762529 P 252 258 253.2625 257.762530 Q 258 264 259.2625 263.762531 R 264 270 265.2625 269.762532 S 270 276 271.2625 275.762533 T 276 282 277.2625 281.762534 U 282 288 283.2625 287.762535 V 288 294 289.2625 293.762536 W 294 300 295.2625 299.7625North American Hyper Band (cable)Channel Band limits Carriers Video Audio37 AA 300 306 301.2625 305.762538 BB 306 312 307.2625 311.762539 CC 312 318 313.2625 317.762540 DD 318 324 319.2625 323.762541 EE 324 330 325.2625 329.762542 FF 330 336 331.2625 335.762543 GG 336 342 337.2625 341.762544 HH 342 348 343.2625 347.762545 II 348 354 349.2625 353.762546 JJ 354 360 355.2625 359.762547 KK 360 366 361.2625 365.762548 LL 366 372 367.2625 371.762549 MM 372 378 373.2625 377.762550 NN 378 384 379.2625 383.762551 OO 384 390 385.2625 389.762552 PP 390 396 391.2625 395.762553 QQ 396 402 397.2625 401.762554 RR 402 408 403.25 407.7555 SS 408 414 409.25 413.7556 TT 414 420 415.25 419.7557 UU 420 426 421.25 425.7558 VV 426 432 427.25 431.7559 WW 432 438 433.25 437.7560 XX 438 444 439.25 443.7561 YY 444 450 445.25 449.7562 ZZ 450 456 451.25 455.75North American UHF Band (air)Channel Band limits Carriers Video AudioA14 470 476 471.25 475.75A15 476 482 477.25 481.75A16 482 488 483.25 487.75A17 488 494 489.25 493.75A18 494 500 495.25 499.75A19 500 506 501.25 505.75A20 506 512 507.25 511.75A21 512 518 513.25 517.75A22 518 524 519.25 523.75A23 524 530 525.25 529.75A24 530 536 531.25 535.75A25 536 542 537.25 541.75A26 542 548 543.25 547.75A27 548 554 549.25 553.75A28 554 560 555.25 559.75A29 560 566 561.25 565.75A30 566 572 567.25 571.75A31 572 578 573.25 577.75A32 578 584 579.25 583.75A33 584 590 585.25 589.75A34 590 596 591.25 595.75A35 596 602 597.25 601.75A36 602 608 603.25 607.75A37 608 614 609.25 613.75A38 614 620 615.25 619.75A39 620 626 621.25 625.75A40 626 632 627.25 631.75A41 632 638 633.25 637.75A42 638 644 639.25 643.75A43 644 650 645.25 649.75A44 650 656 651.25 655.75A45 656 662 657.25 661.75A46 662 668 663.25 667.75A47 668 674 669.25 673.75A48 674 680 675.25 679.75A49 680 686 681.25 685.75A50 686 692 687.25 691.75A51 692 698 693.25 697.75A52 698 704 699.25 703.75A53 704 710 705.25 709.75A54 710 716 711.25 715.75A55 716 722 717.25 721.75A56 722 728 723.25 727.75A57 728 734 729.25 733.75A58 734 740 735.25 739.75A59 740 746 741.25 745.75A60 746 752 747.25 751.75A61 752 758 753.25 757.75A62 758 764 759.25 763.75A63 764 770 765.25 769.75A64 770 776 771.25 775.75A65 776 782 777.25 781.75A66 782 788 783.25 787.75A67 788 794 789.25 793.75A68 794 800 795.25 799.75A69 800 806 801.25 805.75A70 806 812 807.25 811.75A71 812 818 813.25 817.75A72 818 824 819.25 823.75A73 824 830 825.25 829.75A74 830 836 831.25 835.75A75 836 842 837.25 841.75A76 842 848 843.25 847.75A77 848 854 849.25 853.75A78 854 860 855.25 859.75A79 860 866 861.25 865.75A80 866 872 867.25 871.75A81 872 878 873.25 877.75A82 878 884 879.25 883.75A83 884 890 885.25 889.75TV broadcast standards, country by country, before ca 1990Europe:-------PAL-B & G: Albania, Austria, Faroe Islands, Finland, Germany, Gibraltar, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, SwitzerlandPAL-B & H: Belgium, former YugoslaviaPAL-B: Azores, Denmark, MaltaPAL-I: Ireland, United KingdomPAL-L & G: MonacoPAL-D & K: RoumainaSECAM-L: FrancePAL/SECAM B, G & L: LuxembourghSECAM-B & G: GreeceSECAM-D & K: Bulgaria, former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, former USSRAfrica:-------PAL-B: Algeria, Cameroon, Ehtiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Madeira, Mozambique, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, ZimbabwePAL-B & G: Canary Islands, Nigeria, SwazilandPAL-I: Angola, Lesotho, Namibia, South AfricaPAL-K: GuineaSECAM-B: Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Mauritania, Mauritius, MoroccoSECAM-B & G: TunisiaSECAM-D: Chad, CongoSECAM-K: Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cote d'Ivoire, Gabon, Madagascar, Mali, Mayotte, Niger, Reunion, Senegal, Togo, ZaireSECAM-V: DjiboutiAsia:-----PAL-B: Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Qatar, TurkeyPAL-B & G: Bahrain, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, United Arab EmiratesPAL-B & PAL-M: ThailandPAL-D: ChinaPAL-D & K: North KoreaPAL-I: Hong Kong, MacauPAL-M: LaosPAL & SECAM-B: AfghanistanPAL & NTSC-B: YemenSECAM & PAL-B & G: Saudi ArabiaSECAM-B & PAL-G: Syrian Arab Rep.SECAM-B: Iran, IraqSECAM-B & G: Cyprus, LebanonSECAM-D: MongoliaSECAM-M: CambodiaNTSC-M: Diego Garcia, Japan, Myanmar, Philippines, South Korea, TaiwanNTSC-M & SECAM-M: VietnamAustralia/Pacific:------------------PAL-B: Australia, Cook Islands, New Zealand, Norfolk IslandPAL-B & G: Papua New GuineaNTSC-M: Fiji, Galapagos Islands, Guam, Hawaii, Micronesia, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, SamoaSECAM-K: New Caledonia, Polynesia, Whallis IslandAmerica:--------NTSC-M: Alaska, Antigua, Aruba, Bahamas, Barabuda, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, El Salvador, Equador, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, St Kitts & Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent, Surinam, Tobago, Trinidad, USA, Venezuela, Virgin IslandsNTSC-M & N: BoliviaPAL-B: GreenlandPAL-I: Falkland IslandsPAL-M: BrazilPAL-N: Argentina, Paraguay, UruguaySECAM-K: Guadelope, French Guiana, Martinique, St Pierre et Miquelon-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Country Broadcast std Colour Line Line freq VHF UHF voltageAfghanistan B - PAL 220 50Albanina B G - 220 50Algeria B - PAL 127/220/380 50Angola - - - 220 50Antigua M - NTSC 110 50Argentina N N PAL 220 50Australia B - PAL 240/415 50Austria B G PAL 220/380 50Azores B - PAL 220 50Bahamas M - NTSC 110/220 60Bahrain B - PAL 230 50Bangladesh B - PAL 220/440 50Barbados M - NTSC 110/220 50Barbuda M - NTSC 110/220 50Belgium B H PAL 220 50Benin K - - 220/380 50Bermuda M - NTSC 115/230 60Bolivia M M NTSC 110/220 50Brazil M M PAL 110/127/220 50/60Brunei B - PAL 110/127/220 50/60Bulgaria D K SECAM 220 50Canada M M NTSC 115/230 60Canary Islands B - PAL 110/220 50Chile M - NTSC 220/380 50China D K PAL 220 50Colombia M - NTSC 110/220 60Congo D - - 220 50Costa Rica M - NTSC 120/220 60Cuba M M NTSC 115/220 60Cyprus B G PAL 240 50Czechosolvakia D K SECAM 220 50Denmark B G PAL 220/380 50Diego Garcia M - NTSC 110/220 60Djibouri K - SECAM 220 50Dominian Rep. M M NTSC 110 60Dubal (UAE) B G PAL 220 50Ecuador M - NTSC 110/220 60Egypt B - SECAM 220 50El Salvador M - NTSC 110/220 60England (A),I I PAL 240/415 50Ethiopia B - PAL 127/220 50Faroe Islands B - PAL 220 50Finland B G PAL 220/380 50France (E),L L SECAM various 50Gabon K - SECAM 220 50Germany, East B G SECAM 220/380 50Germany, West B G PAL 220/380 50Ghana G - PAL 230 50Gibraltar B - PAL 240 50Greece B H SECAM 220 50Greenland B - PAL 220/380 50Guadelope K - SECAM 220 50Guam M - NTSC 110/220 60Guatemala M - NTSC 110/220/127 60Guinea Republic K - SECAM 220/380 50Guinea Equatorial B - - 220/380 50Guyana K - SECAM 127/220 50Haiti M - NTSC 110/220 50Holland B G PAL 220 50Honduras M - NTSC 110 60Hong Kong B I PAL 220 50Hungary D K SECAM 220 50Iceland B G PAL 220 50India B - PAL 230/400 50Indonesia B - PAL 127/220 50Iran B G SECAM 220 50Iraq B - SECAM 220/380 50Ireland (A),I - PAL 220/380 50Israel B G PAL 230/400 50Italy B G PAL 220/380 50Ivory Coast K - SECAM 220/380 50Jamaica M - NTSC 110/220 50Japan M - NTSC 110/220 50Johnson Island M - NTSC 110/220 60Jordan B,G - PAL 220 50Kenya B - PAL 240 50Korea, North D - PAL 220 50Korea, South M M NTSC 110 60Kuwait B - PAL 240 50Laos M - - 127/220 50Lebanon B - SECAM 110/190 50Liberia B - PAL 120 60Libya B - SECAM 127/130 50Luxembourg C G,L PAL/SECAM 110/220 50Madeira B - PAL 220/380 50Madagascar K - SECAM 110/220 50Malawi B - - 230 50Malaysia B - PAL 230/400 50Maldives B - PAL 220 50Malta B H PAL 240 50Martinique K - SECAM 220 50Mauritania K - SECAM 220/380 50Mauritius B - SECAM 240 50Mexico M - NTSC 110/220 60Micronesia M - NTSC - -Midway Islands M - NTSC 110/220 60Monaco (E),L G PAL/SECAM 127/220 50Mongolia D - SECAM 220 50Morocco - - - - -Mozambique B - PAL 220 50Namibia B? - PAL 220 50Netherl. Antilles M - NTSC 127/220 50/60Netherlands B G PAL 220 50New Caledonia K - SECAM 220 50New Zealand B - PAL 230/400 50Nicaragua M - NTSC 120 60Niger K - SECAM 220/380 50Nigeria B - PAL 230/400 50N. Mariana Island M - NTSC 110/220 60Norway B G PAL 230 50Oman B G PAL 230 50Pakistan B - PAL 230/400 50Panama M - NTSC 110-126 60Paraguay N - PAL 220 50Peru M - NTSC 220 60Philippines M M NTSC 110/220 60Poland D K SECAM 220/380 50Portugal B G PAL 220/380 50Puerto Rico M M NTSC 120 60Quatar B - PAL 220 50Reunion K - SECAM 220 50Romania D - SECAM 220 50Rwanda K - - 220 50Samoa-American M - NTSC 230 50Sarawak B - PAL 220 50Saudi Arabia B G PAL/SECAM 127/220/380 50/60Senegal K - SECAM 127/220 50Seychelles B - PAL 230 50Sierra Leone B - PAL 230 50Singapore B G PAL 230/400 50Society Islands K - - 240 50South Africa I I PAL 220/380 50Spain B G PAL 127/220/380 50Sri Lanka B - PAL 220 50St. Kitts M - NTSC 220 60St. Pierre K - SECAM 220 50Sudan B - PAL 220 50Surinam M - NTSC 110-127/220 60Swaziland B G PAL 230 50Sweden B G PAL 220/380 50Switzerland B G PAL 220/380 50Syria B - SECAM 115/200 50Tahiti K - SECAM 127 60Taiwan M - NTSC 110/200 60Tanzania B - PAL 230/440 50Thailand B G PAL 230/380 50Togo K - SECAM 127/220 50Trinidad/Tobago M - NTSC 115/230 60Trust Territory M - NTSC 110/220 60Tunisia B - SECAM 115/220/380 50Turks-Calcosis M - NTSC 110/220/440 60Turkey B G PAL 220/380 50Uganda B - PAL 240/415 50United Arab Em. B G PAL 220 50United Kingdom A I PAL 240/415 50U.S.A. M M NTSC 110/220 60Upper Volta K - - 220/380 50Uruguay N - PAL 220 50U.S.S.R D K SECAM 220 50Venezuela M - SECAM 120/240 60Vietnam D - SECAM 120/127/230 50Virgin Islands M - NTSC 110 60Wake Island M - NTSC 110/220 60TV broadcast standards, country by country, ca 2000Europe:-------PAL-B & G: Albania, Austria, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, Germany, Gibraltar, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, SwitzerlandPAL-B & H: Belgium, former YugoslaviaPAL-B: Azores, Denmark, MaltaPAL-I: Ireland, United KingdomPAL/SECAM L & G: MonacoPAL-D & K: Hungary, Poland, RoumainaSECAM-L: FrancePAL/SECAM B, G & L: LuxembourghPAL/SECAM-B & H: GreeceSECAM-D & K: Bulgaria, Czech, Slovakia, former USSRAfrica:-------PAL-B: Algeria, Cameroon, Ehtiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Madeira, Mozambique, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, ZimbabwePAL-B & G: Canary Islands, Nigeria, SwazilandPAL-I: Angola, Lesotho, Namibia, South AfricaPAL-K: GuineaSECAM-B: Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Mauritania, Mauritius, MoroccoSECAM-B & G: TunisiaSECAM-D: Chad, CongoSECAM-K: Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cote d'Ivoire, Gabon, Madagascar, Mali, Mayotte, Niger, Reunion, Senegal, Togo, ZaireSECAM-V: DjiboutiAsia:-----PAL-B: Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Qatar, TurkeyPAL-B & G: Bahrain, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, United Arab EmiratesPAL-B & PAL-M: ThailandPAL-D: ChinaPAL-D & K: North KoreaPAL-I: Hong Kong, MacauPAL-M: LaosPAL & SECAM-B: AfghanistanPAL & NTSC-B: YemenSECAM & PAL-B & G: Saudi ArabiaSECAM-B & PAL-G: Syrian Arab Rep.SECAM-B: Iran, IraqSECAM-B & G: Cyprus, LebanonSECAM-D: MongoliaSECAM-M: CambodiaNTSC-M: Diego Garcia, Japan, Myanmar, Philippines, South Korea, TaiwanNTSC-M & SECAM-M: VietnamAustralia/Pacific:------------------PAL-B: Australia, Cook Islands, New Zealand, Norfolk IslandPAL-B & G: Papua New GuineaNTSC-M: Fiji, Galapagos Islands, Guam, Hawaii, Micronesia, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, SamoaSECAM-K: New Caledonia, Polynesia, Whallis IslandAmerica:--------NTSC-M: Alaska, Antigua, Aruba, Bahamas, Barabuda, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, El Salvador, Equador, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, St Kitts & Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent, Surinam, Tobago, Trinidad, USA, Venezuela, Virgin IslandsNTSC-M & N: BoliviaPAL-B: GreenlandPAL-I: Falkland IslandsPAL-M: BrazilPAL-N: Argentina, Paraguay, UruguaySECAM-K: Guadelope, French Guiana, Martinique, St Pierre et Miquelon-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Country Broadcast std Colour Stereo Subtitles Line Line freq VHF UHF voltageAfghanistan B - SECAM/PAL 220 50Albanina B G PAL 220 50Algeria B G PAL 127/220/380 50Andorra B G,H PAL 220 50Angola I - PAL 220 50Antarctica M NTSC - -Antigua M - NTSC 110 50Argentina N N PAL 220 50Armenia D K SECAM/vert - -Aruba M - NTSC - -Australia B G PAL FM-FM Teletext 240/115 50Austria B G PAL FM-FM Teletext 220/380 50Azerbadjan D K SECAM/vert - -Azores B - PAL 220 50Bahamas M - NTSC 110/220 60Bahrain B G PAL 230 50Bangladesh B - PAL 220/240 50Barbados M - NTSC 110/220 50Barbuda M - NTSC 110/220 50Belgium B H PAL 220 50Belize M - NTSC - -Benin K - SECAM/vert 220/380 50Bermuda M - NTSC 115/230 60Bhutan - - - - -Bolivia M M NTSC 110/20 50Bosnia B H PAL - -Botswana I - PAL 230 60Brazil M M PAL MTS 110/127/220 50/60British Indian Ocean M - NTSC - -Brunei B B PAL 110/127/220 50/60Bulgaria D K SECAM/vert 220 50Burkina Faso K1 - SECAM/vert - -Burma M - NTSC 230 50Burundi K1 - SECAM/vert 230 50Byelarus D K SECAM/vert - -Cayman Island M - NTSC 120 60Camaroon B G PAL 127/220 50Cambodia B G PAL - -Canada M M NTSC MTS CC 115/230 60Canary Islands B G PAL 110/220 50Cap Verde B G - - -Central African Rep K - SECAM/vert 220 50Chad K1 - SECAM/vert 220 50Chile M M NTSC 220/380 50China D K PAL 220 50Colombia M M NTSC 110/220 60Comoros K - - - -Congo D K SECAM/vert 220 50Cook Island B - PAL - -Costa Rica M M NTSC 120/220 60Crete B G PAL - -Croatia B H PAL - -Cuba M M NTSC 115/220 60Cyprus B G PAL 240 50Czech B G PAL 220 50Denmark B G PAL Nicam Teletext 220/380 50Djibouri B G SECAM 220 50Dominian Rep. M M NTSC 110 60Dubal (UAE) B G PAL 220 50Ecuador M M NTSC 110/220 60Egypt B G SECAM/PAL 220 50El Salvador M M NTSC 110/220 60Equatorial Guinea B - SECAM/PAL - -Estonia B G PAL - -England I I PAL 240 50Ethiopia B G PAL 127/220 50Falkland Islands I - PAL - -Faroe Islands B - PAL 220 50Fiji B - PAL 240 50Finland B G PAL Nicam Teletext 220/380 50France L L SECAM Teletext 115/230 50French Polynesia K1 - SECAM/vert 220 50Gabon K1 - SECAM/vert 220 50Gambia B - PAL - -Germany B G PAL FM-FM Teletext 220/380 50Ghana B G PAL 230 50Gibraltar B G PAL 240 50Gilbert Islands - - - - -Greece B H SECAM/PAL 220 50Greenland B - PAL 220/380 50Greenland US Af Base M - NTSC - -Guadelope K1 - SECAM/vert 220 50Guam M - NTSC 110/220 60Guatemala M M NTSC 110/220/270 60Guinea Republic K - SECAM 220/380 50Guinea Bissau B - PAL 220/380 50Guyana M - NTSC 110/220 50Guyana, French K1 - SECAM 127/220 50Haiti M - NTSC 110/220 50Hawaii M M NTSC 110 60Holland B G PAL FM-FM Teletext 220 50Honduras M M NTSC 110 60Hong Kong - I PAL Nicam 220 50Hungary D K PAL Nicam 220 50Iceland B G PAL 220 50India B - PAL 230/400 50Indonesia B G PAL 127/220 50Iran B G SECAM/vert 220 50Iraq B - SECAM/vert 220/380 50Ireland I I PAL Nicam Teletext 220/380 50Israel B G PAL Nicam Teletext 230/200 50Italy B G PAL FM-FM Teletext 220/380 50Ivory Coast K1 - SECAM/vert 220/380 50Jamaica M - NTSC 110/220 50Japan M M NTSC Matrix 110/220 50Johnston Island M - NTSC 110/220 60Jordan B G PAL 220 50Kazakhstan D K SECAM/vert - -Kenya B G PAL 240 50Korea, North D,M K PAL/NTSC 220 50Korea, South M M NTSC 110 60Kuwait B - PAL 240 50Kyrgyztan D K SECAM/vert - -Laos B - PAL 127/220 50Latvia B,D G,K PAL/SECAM - -Lebanon B G SECAM 110 50Lesotho I - PAL 240 50Liberia B H PAL 120 60Libya B G PAL 127/230 50Lithuania B,D G,K PAL/SECAM - -Luxembourg B,L G,L PAL/SECAM Nicam Teletext 110/220 50Macao I - PAL - -Macedonia B H PAL - -Madeira B - PAL 220/380 50Madagascar K1 - SECAM/vert 110/220 50Malawi B G PAL 230 50Malaysia B - PAL 230/400 50Maldives B - PAL 220 50Mali K - SECAM/vert 125 50Malta B H PAL 240 50Marshall Islands M - NTSC - -Martinique K1 - SECAM/vert 220 50Mauritania B - SECAM/vert 220/380 50Mauritius B - SECAM/vert 240 50Mayotte K - SECAM/vert - -Mexico M M NTSC MTS CC 110/220 60Micronesia M - NTSC - -Midway Islands M - NTSC 110/220 60Moldava D K SECAM/vert - -Monaco L - SECAM 127/220 50Mongolia D - SECAM/vert 220 50Montserrat M - NTSC - -Morocco B - SECAM - -Mozambique B - PAL 220 50Mynmar M - NTSC - -Namibia I - PAL 220 50Nepal B - PAL 220 50Netherl. Antilles M M NTSC 127/220 50/60Netherlands B G PAL FM-FM Teletext 220 50New Caledonia K1 - SECAM/vert 220 50New Zealand B - PAL Nicam Teletext 230/400 50Nicaragua M M NTSC 120 60Niger K1 - SECAM/vert 220/380 50Nigeria B G PAL 230/400 50Norfolk Island B - PAL - -N. Mariana Island M - NTSC 110/200 60Norway B G PAL Nicam 230 50Okinawa M - NTSC 100/200 50/60Oman B G PAL 230 50Pakistan B - PAL 230/400 50Palau M - NTSC - -Panama M M NTSC 110-12 60Papua New Guinea B G PAL - -Paraguay N N PAL 220 50Peru M M NTSC 220 60Philippines M M NTSC 110/220 60Poland D K PAL Teletext 220/380 50Polynesia K - SECAM/vert - -Portugal B G PAL Nicam Teletext 220/380 50Puerto Rico M M NTSC 120 60Quatar B - PAL 220 50Reunion K1 - SECAM/vert 220 50Romania D K PAL 220 50Russia D K SECAM/vert 220 50Rwanda K1 - SECAM 220 50Salomon Islands - - - - -Samoa-American M - NTSC 120 60Samoa-Western G - PAL - -Sao Tome B G PAL - -Saudi Arabia B G PAL/SECAM 127/220/380 50/60Senegal K1 - SECAM 127/220 50Seychelle Islands B G PAL 230 50Sierra Leone B G PAL 230 50Singapore B G PAL 230/400 50Slovakia B D,K SECAM/PAL - -Slovenia B H PAL - -Society Islands K - - 240 50Somalia B G PAL 220 50South Africa I I PAL 220/380 50Spain B G PAL Nicam Teletext 127/220/380 50Sri Lanka B - PAL 220 50St. Grenadines M - NTSC - -St. Kitts M M NTSC - -St. Lucia M - NTSC - -St. Marino B G PAL - -St. Pierre K - SECAM/vert - -St. Vincent M - NTSC - -Sudan B G PAL 220 50Surinam M M NTSC 110-127/220 60Swaziland B G PAL 230 50Sweden B G PAL Nicam Teletext 220/380 50Switzerland B G PAL FM-FM Teletext 220/380 50Syria B - PAL 115/200 50Tahiti K1 - SECAM/vert 220 50Taiwan M M NTSC 110/200 60Tajikistan D K SECAM/vert - -Tanzania B B PAL 230/240 50Thailand B G PAL 230/380 50Togo K - SECAM 127/220 50Tonga M - NTSC - -Trinidad/Tobago M M NTSC 115/230 60Trust Territory M - NTSC 110/220 60Tunisia B - SECAM/vert 115/220/380 50Turks-Calcosis M - NTSC 110/220/240 60Turkey B G PAL Teletext 220/380 50Turkmenistan D K SECAM/Vert - -Uganda B G PAL 240/115 50Ukraine D K SECAM/vert - -United Arab Em. B G PAL 220 50United Kingdom - I PAL Nicam Teletext 240/115 50Upper Volta K1 - - 220/380 50Uruguay N N PAL MTS 220 50U.S.A. M M NTSC MTS CC 110/220 60Uzbekistan D K SECAM/vert 220 50Vanatu - - - - -Venezuela M M NTSC 120/240 60Vietnam D - SECAM/NTSC 120/230 50Virgin Islands M - NTSC 110 60Wake Island M - NTSC 110/220 60Wallis & Futuna K - SECAM/vert - -Western Sahara B G - - -Yemen B - SECAM/NTSC 220 50Yogoslavia B G PAL - -Zaire (Congo) K1 - SECAM/vert 220 50Zambia B G PAL 230 50Zanzibar I - PAL - -Zimbabwe B G PAL 220 50The SCART connector: ----------------------------------------------- \ 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 | \ * * * * * * * * * * | \ | | * * * * * * * * * * | 21 19 17 15 13 11 9 7 5 3 1 | -------------------------------------------- 1 Audio out right 2 Audio in right 3 Audio out left 4 Ground audio 5 Ground RGB blue 6 Audio in left 7 RGB in blue 8 Control voltage video 9 Ground RGB green10 RGB sync in11 RGB in green12 Data13 Ground RGB red14 Ground data15 RGB in red16 Fast blanking (+2V here enables RGB)17 Ground video18 Ground turnoff19 Video out20 Video in21 ScreenReferences"Televisionsmottagaren" ("the TV receiver") - Jan Bellander, Stockholm 1967"Farg-TV-mottagaren" ("the colour TV receiver") - John Schroder, Stockholm 1969(yes, these books are quite old, however when they were published, colourTV was a "hot" topic, and both books describes these systems in quite gooddetail)World Radio TV Handbook 1975World Radio TV Handbook 1991The Swedish National Encyclopedia, 1989-1997"PAL - Das Farbfernsehen", Deutsches Rundfunk-MuseumSatellite TVGeostationary orbit parametersSatellite period, T 23h 56m 4s = 86164 sRadius of spherical Earth, r 6377 kmRadius of orbit, d = r + h 42157 kmInclination 0Eccentricity 0Satellite velocity, v 3.074 km/sSatellite altitude, h 35779 kmDirection to TV satelliteL = longitude of receiver - longitude of satellite (east long positive)f = latitude of receiver (geocentric latitude)r = radius of Earthd = radius of orbitb = acos( cos(f) * cos(L) ) r * sin(elevation+90_deg)w = 90_deg - ( elevation + asin( --------------------------- ) d tan(L)azimuth = 180_deg + atan( -------- ) sin(f) cos(b) - r/delevation = atan( -------------- ) sin(b)distance = sqrt( r^2 + d^2 - 2*r*d*cos(w) )Equatorial mounting of a parabolic antennaInclination of polar axis = latitude + DeltaParabola's axis should point "down", relative to the direction perpendicularto the polar axis, by an angle = tilt angleLatitude Delta Tilt angle deg deg deg 0 0.00 0.0 5 0.12 0.7 10 0.24 1.4 15 0.35 2.2 20 0.46 2.9 25 0.56 3.6 30 0.65 4.3 35 0.70 4.9 40 0.70 5.5 45 0.70 6.0 50 0.70 6.6 55 0.64 7.0 60 0.59 7.4 65 0.54 7.7 70 0.45 8.0 75 0.35 8.2 80 0.26 8.4 85 0.13 8.5 90 0.00 8.6Intelsat VA F12 60.0 EDSF 1B 28.5 EDFS-1A Kopernikus 23.5 EAstra 1A 19.2 EAstra 1B 19.2 EEutelsat I F1 16.0 EEutelsat I F4 13.0 EEutelsat I F5 10.0 EEutelsat I F2 7.0 ETele-X 5.0 EIntelsat V F2 1.0 WTelecom 1C 5.0 WTelecom 1A 8.0 WTDF 1 19.0 WTDF 2 19.0 WTV Sat 2 19.0 WOlympus 19.0 WIntelsat VA F11 27.5 WBSB 1 31.0 WBSB 2 31.0 WLow power: 20 W/ch, 10 channels Intelsat, Eutelsat, Ghorizont, TelecomMedium power: 45 W/ch, 16 channels AstraHigh power (DBS = Direct Broadcasting Satellite): 230 W/ch, 5 channels TDF 1/2, Tele-X, TV-Sat 1/2, BSBLNB's (Low-Noise Block downconverter)Band Freq. in Local osc. Freq. out Band name PolarizGHz GHz GHz GHz 4 3.7 - 4.2 5.15 0.95 - 1.45 C band Circular11 10.95 - 11.70 10.0 0.95 - 1.70 Ku band Linear12 11.7 - 12.5 10.75 0.95 - 1.75 Ku band, DBS band Circular12.5 12.5 - 12.75 11.475 1.025 - 1.275 Ku band LinearLNB's for 11, 12 and 12.5 GHz all use the same entrance slit:Size of wave guide = WR-75, distance between screw holes = BRJ-120LNB gain typically 50 dBLNB noise factor: max 1.0-1.5 dB (HEMT transistors) max 1.5-2.0 dB (GaAs-Fet transistors)Microwave bandsP < 0.5 GHzL 0.5 - 2.0 GHzS 2.0 - 4.0 GHzC 4.0 - 8.2 GHzX 8.2 - 12.4 GHzKu 12.4 - 18.0 GHzK 18.0 - 26.5 GHzKa 26.5 - 40.0 GHzQ 40 - 60 GHzV 60 - 80 GHzW > 80 GHzSatellite broadcast bandsBand Frequency Band name Polarisation SatellitesGHz GHz 4 3.7-4.2 C Circular USA, USSR (Ghorizont)11 10.95-11.70 Ku-1 Linear I: 10.95-11.20 Eutelsat II: 11.20-11.45 Astra III: 11.45-11.70 Eutelsat, DFS-112 11.7-12.5 Ku-2 (DBS) Circular TDF-1, Tele-X, SAT, BSB WARC-77: 40 channels, 27 MHz/ch12.5 12.5-12.75 Ku-3 Linear DFS-1, Eutelsat II, Telecom-1CWARC-77 - European DBS-frequency allocationSlot Longitude Polarization Countries Even ch Odd ch 1 44 E USSR 2 25 E USSR 3 5 E LC RC Scandinavia, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus 4 1 W RC LC Eastern Europe, Germany 5 7 W LC RC Yugoslavia/Albania 6 19 W LC RC Benelux, Germany, France, Austria 7 31 W RC LC UK, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Iceland 8 37 W LC RC Small European states Slot 3 Slot 4 Slot 5 Slot 6 Slot 7 Slot 8Ch Carrier freq. 5 E 1 W 7 W 19 W 31 W 37 W GHz 1 11.72748 Turkey Poland France San Marino 2 11.74666 Finland Romania F.R.G. Ireland 3 11.76584 Greece Cz-Slov Luxemb. Portugal Licthenst. 4 11.78502 Sweden Bulgaria Austria U.K. Andorra 5 11.80420 Turkey Poland France San Marino 6 11.82388 Finland Romania F.R.G. Ireland 7 11.84256 Greece Cz-Slov Luxemb. Portugal Licthenst. 8 11.86174 Sweden Bulgaria Austria U.K. Andorra 9 11.88092 Turkey Poland France San Marino10 11.90010 Finland Romania F.R.G. Ireland11 11.91928 Greece Cz.Slov Luxemb. Portugal Licthenst.12 11.93846 Denmark Bulgaria Austria U.K. Andorra13 11.95764 Turkey Poland France San Marino14 11.97682 Norway Romania F.R.G. Ireland15 11.99600 Greece Cz-Slov Luxemb. Portugal Licthenst.16 12.01518 Denmark Bulgaria Austria U.K. Andorra17 12.03436 Turkey Poland France San Marino18 12.05354 Norway Romania F.R.G. Ireland19 12.07272 Greece Cz-Slov Luxemb. Portugal Licthenst.20 12.09190 Denmark Bulgaria Austria U.K. Andorra21 12.11108 Cyprus F.R.G. Yogosl. Belgium Iceland Monaco22 12.13026 Finland Hungary Albania Switzerl.23 12.14944 Iceland Netherl. Spain Vatican24 12.16862 Denmark Italy25 12.18780 Cyprus F.R.G. Yogosl. Belgium Iceland Monaco26 12.20698 Finland Hungary Albania Switzerl.27 12.22616 Iceland Netherl. Spain Vatican28 12.24534 Norway Italy29 12.26452 Cyprus F.R.G. Yogosl. Belgium Iceland Monaco30 12.28370 Sweden Hungary Albania Switzerl.31 12.30288 Iceland Netherl. Spain Vatican32 12.32206 Norway Italy33 12.34124 Cyprus F.R.G. Yogosl. Belgium Iceland Monaco34 12.36042 Sweden Hungary Albania Switzerl.35 12.37960 Iceland Netherl. Spain Vatican36 12.39878 Denmark Italy37 12.31796 Cyprus F.R.G. Yogosl. Belgium Iceland Monaco38 12.33714 Norway Hungary Albania Switzerl.39 12.35632 Iceland Netherl. Spain Vatican40 12.37550 Sweden ItalyNorth American Satellite Channel Frequency Chart (standardized)All broadcasts in 525-lines NTSC, audio usually 6.20/6.80 MHzC-band:Channel 1 = 3720 MHzChannel 2 = 3740 MHzChannel 3 = 3760 MHzChannel 4 = 3780 MHzChannel 5 = 3800 MHzChannel 6 = 3820 MHzChannel 7 = 3840 MHzChannel 8 = 3860 MHzChannel 9 = 3880 MHzChannel 10 = 3900 MHzChannel 11 = 3920 MHzChannel 12 = 3940 MHzChannel 13 = 3960 MHzChannel 14 = 3980 MHzChannel 15 = 4000 MHzChannel 16 = 4020 MHzChannel 17 = 4040 MHzChannel 18 = 4060 MHzChannel 19 = 4080 MHzChannel 20 = 4100 MHzChannel 21 = 4120 MHzChannel 22 = 4140 MHzChannel 23 = 4160 MHzChannel 24 = 4180 MHzKu-band: based on 16-channel subdivision. For 32-channel subdivisionformat use half-spacing. No universal standard is set.Channel 1 = 11730 MHzChannel 2 = 11743 MHzChannel 3 = 11791 MHzChannel 4 = 11804 MHzChannel 5 = 11852 MHzChannel 6 = 11865 MHzChannel 7 = 11913 MHzChannel 8 = 11926 MHzChannel 9 = 11974 MHzChannel 10 = 11987 MHzChannel 11 = 12035 MHzChannel 12 = 12048 MHzChannel 13 = 12096 MHzChannel 14 = 12109 MHzChannel 15 = 12157 MHzChannel 16 = 12170 MHz Uplink Downlink Diff Outpout power Antenna gain EIRP GHz GHz GHz W dBW x dB4 GHz: 6 4 2Astra: 14.25-14.50 11.20-11.45 3.05 45 16.5 4000 36 52.5TDF-1: 17 12 5 230 23.6 4500 36.5 60.1Noise computationsC = carrier power, N = noise power, S = signal powerAM: C/N = S/NFM: S/N about 20 dB larger than C/N ("FM gain") C/N S/N dB 5 15 10 30 ("FM threshold") 15 35 20 45 25 45 30 50C/N: 10-12 dB: acceptable image 12-16 dB: quite good image >16 dB: good imageC/N(dB) = C(dBW) - N(dBW)Carrier power:EIRP = satellite's Equivalent Isotropic Radiated PowerSD = Spread damping = 1/(4*pi*r^2) where r = distance to satellite Europe: r = 40000 km ==> SD = -163.0 dB/m2 Equator: r = 36000 km ==> SD = -162.1 dB/m2RD = Rain Damping 90% of the year: RD Ae = -7.7 dB h = 60%, D = 0.9 m ==> Ae = -4.2 dB h = 60%, D = 1.2 m ==> Ae = -1.7 dB h = 60%, D = 1.8 m ==> Ae = +1.8 dBFlux (dBW/m2) = EIRP (dBW) + SD (dB/m2)C = | |
