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PageI      PageI Front Matter (R1-R20) Introduction (1-14) Part I Microbreeds (15-16) 1 Microcattle (17-32) 2 Microgoats (33-46) 3 Microsheep (47-62) 4 Micropigs (63-72) Part II Poultry (73-78) 5 Chicken (79-90) 6 Ducks (91-100) 7 Geese (101-114) 8 Guinea Fowl (115-124) 9 Muscovy (125-136) 10 Pigeon (137-146) 11 Quail (147-156) 12 Turkey (157-166) 13 Potential New Poultry (167-178) Part III Rabbits (179-182) 14 Domestic Rabbits (183-192) Part IV Rodents (193-198) 15 Agouti (199-206) 16 Capybara (207-216) 17 Coypu (217-224) 18 Giant Rat (225-232) 19 Grasscutter (233-240) 20 Guinea Pig (241-250) 21 Hutia (251-256) 22 Mara (257-262) 23 Paca (263-270) 24 Vizcacha (271-276) 25 Other Rodents (277-284) Part V Deer and Antelope (285-290) 26 Mouse Deer (291-298) 27 Muntjac (299-306) 28 Musk Deer (307-314) 29 South America (315-320) 30 Water Deer (321-326) 31 Duikers (327-336) 32 Other Small Antelope (337-342) Part VI Lizards (343-346) 33 Green Iguana (347-354) 34 Black Iguana (355-360) Part VII Others (361-362) 35 Bees (363-371) Appendix A: Selected Readings (371-392) Appendix B: Research Contacts (393-426) Appendix C: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members (427-436) Index of Species (437-449) [ Top of Page ] [ Home ] [ Contact Us ] [ Help ] [ The National Academies Home ] Copyright © 2008. 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Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.OCR for page R11~ .1dICROLIVESTOCKLitIte-Known Small Animalswith a Promising Economic FutureBoard on Science and Technologyfor International DevelopmentNational Research CouncilNATIONAL ACADEMY PRESSWashington, D.C. 1991OCR for page R2NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the GoverningBoard of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councilsof the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and theInstitute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report werechosen for their special competence and with regard for appropriate balance.This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to proceduresapproved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the NationalAcademy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute ofMedicine.The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society ofdistinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to thefurtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Uponthe authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has amandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technicalmatters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of theNational Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. Itis autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing withthe National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government.The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed atmeeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superiorachievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academyof Engineering.The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciencesto secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examinationof policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under theresponsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charterto be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issuesof medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Thier is president of theInstitute of Medicine.The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy'spurposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning inaccordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has becomethe principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and theNational Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public,and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly byboth Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M.White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.The Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) of theOffice of International Affairs addresses a range of issues arising from the ways in whichscience and technology in developing countries can stimulate and complement thecomplex processes of social and economic development. It oversees a broad programof bilateral workshops with scientific organizations in developing countries and conductsspecial studies.This report was prepared by an ad hoc advisory panel of the Advisory Committee onTechnology Innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International Develop-ment, Office of International Affairs, National Research Council. Staff support wasfunded by the Office of the Science Advisor, Agency for International Development,under Grant No. DAN-5538-G-SS-1023-00.Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 90-63998ISBN 0-309-04437-5OCR for page R3PANEL ON MICROLIVESTOCKRALPH W. PHILLIPS, Deputy Director General (Retired), Food andAgriculture Organization of the United Nations, ChairmanEDWARD S. AYENSU, Senior Advisor to the President, African Devel-opment Bank, Abidjan, Ivory Coast.BONNIE V. BEAVER, Professor of Veterinary Medicine, Department ofSmall Animal Medicine and Surgery, Texas A&M University,College Station, Texas, USAKURT BENTRSCHKE, Professor of Pathology and Reproductive Medicine,University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, USAROY D. CRAWFORD, Professor of Animal and Poultry Genetics, De-partment of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatche-wan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, CanadaTONY J. CUNHA, Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus, Universityof Florida, Gainesville, and Dean Emeritus, School of Agriculture,California Polytechnic University, Pomona, California, USADAVID E. DEPPNER, Director, New Forest Project, International Center,Washington, D.C., USAELIZABETH L. HENSON, Executive Director, American Minor BreedsConservancy, Pittsboro, North Carolina, USADONALD L. MUSS, Menard, Texas, USA (Formerly Regional AnimalProduction Officer, FAO, Santiago, Chile)DAVID R. LINCICOME, Guest Scientist, U.S. Department of Agriculture,Beltsville, Maryland, USATHOMAS E. LOVEJOY, Assistant Secretary for External Affairs? Smith-sonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USAARNE W. NORDSKOG, Professor Emeritus, Department of Animal Sci-ence, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USALINDA M. PANEPINTO, Director, Miniature Swine Laboratory, ColoradoState University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USAKURT J. PETERS, Professor of Animal Breeding and Husbandry in theTropics and Subtropics, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, WestGermany, and Director of Research, International Livestock Centrefor Africa, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaJOHN A. PINO, Senior Fellow, National Research Council, Washington,D.C., USAHUGH POPENOE, Director, International Program in Agriculture, Uni-versity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USAMICHAEL H. ROBINSON, Director, National Zoological Park, Washington,D.C., USAKNUT SCHMIDT-NIEESON, James B . Duke Professor of Physiology,Department of Zoology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina,USA. . .OCR for page R4ALBERT E. SOLLOD, Associate Professor and Head, Section of Inter-national Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton,Massachusetts, USALEE M. TALBOT, Visiting Fellow, World Resources Institute, Washing-ton, D.C., USACLAIR E. TERRILL, Sheep and Goat Scientist, U. S. Department ofAgriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USACHRISTEN M. WEMMER, Assistant Director for Conservation, NationalZoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, USADANNY C. WHARTON, Associate Curator Animal Departments, NewYork Zoological Park, Bronx Zoo, The Bronx, New York, USACHARLES A. WOODS, Professor and Curator, Florida State Museum,University of Flonda, Gainesville, Florida, USATHOMAS M. YUILL, Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Training,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison,Madison, Wisconsin, USA* **NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Board on Science and Technology for InternationalDevelopment (BOSTID), National Research Council, Washington,D.C., Microlivestock Study Director and Scientific EditorNATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL STAFFF.R. RUSKIN, BOSTID EditorMARK DAFFORN, Technical WriterMARY JANE ENGQUIST, Staff AssociateELIZABETH MOUZON, Senior SecretaryJOHN VREYENS, MUCIA Intern1VOCR for page R5CONTRIBUTORSThe following individuals have made general contributions to the development of this book. All of the persons listed as research contacts in Appendix B also contributed-usually on one or two species that are their scientificspecialty.ASH1Q AHMAD, Wildlife Management Specialist, Pakistan Forest Institute,Peshawar, PakistanANGEL C. ALCALA, Division Research, Extension and Development, SillimanUniversity, Dumaguete City, PhilippinesHART! AMMANN, Basel, SwitzerlandPATRICK ANDAU, Forest Department, Sandakan, Sabah, MalaysiaS.P. ARORA, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, IndiaS. AYYAPPAN, CIFRI, Kausabyaganga, Bhubaneswar Orissa, IndiaWALTER BAKHUIS, Caribbean Marine Biological Institute, Willemstad, Curagao,Netherlands AntillesJAMES R. BARBORAK, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa RicaPUSHKAR NATH BHAT, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UttarPradesh, IndiaSTEVE BENNETT, Curepe, Trinidad, West IndiesK.P. BLAND, Department of Physiology, Royal (Dick) School of VeterinaryStudies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, ScotlandMELVIN BOLTON, Yeppoon, Queensland, AustraliaJOSEPH BONNEMAIRE, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences AgronomiquesAppliquees, Dijon, FranceR.D.S. BRANCKAERT, Faculte des Sciences Agronomiques, Universite duBurundi, Bujumbura, BurundiPETER BRAZAITIS, Herpetology, New York Zoological Society, The Bronx,New York, USAL. DE LA BRETONNE, JR., Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service, LouisianaState University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USAP. BRINCK, Department of Animal Ecology, University of Lund, Lund, SwedenLESETE BROWNRIGG, CIAT, Cali, ColombiaD. HOMER BUCK, Illinois Natural History Survey, Kinmundy, Illinois, USAGERARDO BUDOWSKI, Natural Renewable Resources Programme, CATIE,Turrialba, Costa RicaDAVID BUTCHER, Taronga Zoo, Mosman, New South Wales, AustraliaJULIAN 0. CALDECOTT, World Wildlife Fund Malaysia, Kuching, Sarawak,MalaysiaGARY CALLIS, Texline, Texas, USAJ.K. CAMOENS, Asian Development Bank, Manila, PhilippinesA. CHRISTOPHER CARMICHAEE, The Museum, Michigan State University, EastLansing, Michigan, USAROBERT H. CHABRECK, School of Forestry and Wildlife Management, LouisianaState University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USAA.M. CHAGULA, Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Dar-es-Salaam, TanzaniavOCR for page R6CHARAN CHANTALAKHANA, Department of Animal Science, Kasetsart Univer-sity, Bangkok, ThailandPETER R. CHEEKE, Rabbit Research Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis,Oregon, USAG.S. CHILD, Forest Resources Division, FAG, Rome, ItalyA.S. CHOPRA, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture and Coop-eration, New Delhi, IndiaW. ROSS COCKRILL, 29 Downs Park West, Bristol, England, BS6 7QHCRISOSTOMO CORTES, Dairy Promotion and Extension Section, Dairy Devel-opment Division, Manila, PhilippinesWYLAND CRIPE, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida,Gainesville, Florida, USAA. BEN DAVID, Holon, IsraelC. DEVENDRA, International Development Research Centre, SingaporeRODNEY DILLINGER, International Agency for Apiculture Development,Rockford, Illinois, USADIRECTOR, Natal Parks Board, Pietermaritzburg, South AfricaROLLANDE DUMONT, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences AgronomiquesAppliquees, Dijon, FranceN.G. EHIOBU, Department of Agricultural Sciences, College of Education,Agbor, Nigeriann~ A T n FA UNFR nf~n~rtme.nt Of 7~1~v I Jniversitv of Washington, Seattle~ ~ ~ ~ 1~ ~ ~ ~ A ^` ~ ~ ~ A ~ ~ ^_ r - - - _ =, , _ _ ,Washington, USAJOHN A. FERGUSON, Overseas Development Administration, Eland House,London, EnglandABELARDO FERRER D., Quinta Nueva Exparta, San Bernardino, Caracas,VenezuelaLYNWOOD A. FIEDLER, Section of International Programs, U. S. Fish and WildlifeService, Denver Wildlife Research Center, Denver, Colorado, USAH. FISCHER, Tropical Science Centre, Division of Tropical Veterinary Medicine,Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, West GermanyJ. FURTADO, Commonwealth Science Council, London, EnglandFRANK GOLLEY, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia,USAE. GONZALES J., Instituto de Produccidn Animal, Universidad Central deVenezuela, El Limon-Maracay, VenezuelaGRAHAM GOUDIE, Mainland Holdings, Lae, Papua New GuineaALISTAIR GRAHAM, Tanglewood, Crowborough, East Sussex, EnglandGORDON GRIGG, Zoology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales,AustraliaM.R. DE GUMAN, JR., Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, TaiwanCOLIN P. GROVES, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The AustralianNational University, Canberra, ACT, AustraliaJ. HARDOUIN, Institut de Medicine Tropicale "Prince Leopold," Antwerp,BelgiumGEOFFREY HAWTIN, International Development Research Centre, University ofBritish Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., CanadaV1OCR for page R7GORDON HAVORD, Technical Advisory Division, UNDP, New York, New York,USATIN HLA, Veterinary Department, Director General's Office, Rangoon, BurmaJAMES HENTGES, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida,Gainesville, Florida, USAW.F. HOLLANDER, Department of GeneticsIowa, USAIowa State University, Ames,RENE E. HONEGGER, Herpetology, Zurich Zoo, Zurich, SwitzerlandJACK HOWARTH, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of CaliforniaDavis, California, USAHUANG CHU-CHIEN, Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Beijing, ChinaANGUS HUTTON, Gympie, Queensland, AustraliaH.A. JASIOROWSKI, Animal Production and Health Division, FAG, Rome, ItalyMUHAMMAD YAQUB JAVAID, Directorate of Fisheries, Government of the Punjab,Punjab, IndiaJ. MANGALARA] JOHNSON, Nudumalai Sanctuary, Vannarpet, UdagamandalaniIndiaMAT! KAAL, Tallinn Zoo, ESSR Tallin, USSRSTELLAN KARLSSON, Simontorp Aquaculture AB, Blentarp, SwedenJACKSON A. KATEGILE, International Development Research Centre, Nairobi,KenyaROBERT E. KENWARD, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Furzebrook ResearchStation, Wareham, Dorset, EnglandJAMES M. KEARNEY, Miami, Florida, USAF. WAYNE KING, Florida State Museum, Gainesville, Florida, USAH.-G. KLOS, Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Berlin, West GermanyNELS M. KONNERUP, Boom International, Stanwood, Washington, USANAVU KWAPENA, Office of Environment and Conservation, Boroko, PapuaNew GuineaTHOMAS E. LACHER, Huxley College of Environmental Studies, WesternWashington University, Bellingham, Washington, USAJOHN K. LOOSLT, Gainesville, Florida, USAPETER LUTZ, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Universityof Miami, Miami, Florida, USACRAIG MACFARLAND, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa RicaCONSTANCE M. MCCORKLE, Department of Rural Sociology, University ofMissouri, Columbia, Missouri, USAROBERT E. MCDOWELL' Department of Animal Science, Cornell University,Ithaca, New York, USAJEFFREY A. MCNEELY, International Union for Conservation of Nature andNatural Resources, Gland, SwitzerlandADRIAN G. MARSHALL, Institute of South-East Asian Biology, University ofAberdeen, Aberdeen, ScotlandRICHARD R. MARSHALL, Veterinary Medicine, Sutter Hospitals Medical ResearchFoundation, Sacramento, California, USAG.H.G. MARTIN, Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University College, Nairobi,Kenya. .V11OCR for page R8IAN L. MASON, Edinburgh, ScotlandJOHN C. MASON, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C., CanadaJ. MAYO MARTIN, Fish Farming Experimental Station, Stuttgart, Arkansas,USAYo~ANDA MATAMOROS, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional,Heredia, Costa RicaRosin McKERGoN, Livestock Development Corporation, Lae, Papua NewGuineaM. MGHENI, Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture,Morogoro, TanzaniaP. MoNG~N, Station de Recherches Avicoles, INRA-Centre de Tours, Nouzilly,Monnaie, FranceJOSE ROBERTO DE ALENCAR MOREIRA, Agricultural Research Center of the HumidTropics, Belem, Para, BrazilW.L.R. OLIVER, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey, Channel Islands,United KingdomWERNER PAUWELS, Basel, SwitzerlandW.J.A. PAYNE, Worcester, EnglandIAN PLAYER, Wilderness Leadership School, Bellair, Natal, South AfricaJAMES H. POWELL, JR., Plainview, Texas, USAWILLIAM R. PRITCHARD, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California,Davis, California, USAHECTOR HUGO L~ PUN, International Development Research Centre, Bogota,ColombiaV~cENTE T. Qu~RANTE, Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Project, Bureauof Animal Industry, Manila, PhilippinesDAN RATTNER, The Institute of Animal Research, Kibbutz Lahav, D.N. Negev,IsraelC.V. REDDY, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh AgriculturalUniversity, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, IndiaRHoEHE~T, Institute of Applied Science and Technology, University Campus,Turkeyen, GuyanaCHAR~Es T. Ross~Ns, Department of Zoology, Washington State University,Pullman, Washington, USACARMEN MA. ROIAS G., CATIE, Turrialba, Costa RicaD.H.L. Ror~NsoN, Sardinia, ItalyJu~o E. SANCHEZ P., Museo Nacional, San Jose, Costa RicaJEFF SAYER, World Conservation Centre, Gland, SwitzerlandG. SEIFERT, Tropical Cattle Research Centre, CSIRO, Rockhampton,Queensland, AustraliaANDRES E~oY SE~As, Servicio Nacional de Fauna Silvestre, Maracay, VenezuelaS.K. SHAH, Institute of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Health,Islamabad, PakistanSTEH CHENx~A Department of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural College,Nanjing, People~s Republic of ChinaB.P. SINGH, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Chandra Sekhar AzadUniversity of Agriculture and Technology, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaC. CATIBOG SINHA, Forest Research Institute, College, Laguna, Philippines. . .v~'OCR for page R9A.J. SMITH, Tropical Animal Health, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies,University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, Great BritainA. MITHAT EFENDI, Ankara, TurkeyHENRY STODDARD, Shamrock Veterinary Clinic and Fisheries, Cross City,Florida, USASUKUT SULARSASA, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Gadjalu Mada University,Yogyakarta, IndonesiaD.L. SUTTON, Agricultural Research and Education Center, Fort Lauderdale,Florida, USANICHOLAS SMYTHE, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PanamaJ. SZUMIEC, Polish Academy of Sciences, Experimental Fish Culture Station,Chybie, PolandN. TABUNAKAWAI, Ministry of Primary Industries, Suva, FijiFRANK M. THOMPSON, Wild Animal Brokers, Bradenton, Florida, USAALLEN D. TILLMAN, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USADON TULLOCH, Winnellie, Northern Territory, AustraliaCONRADO A. VALDEZ, Dairy Development Division, Bureau of Animal Industry,Manila, PhilippinesLUIS VARONA, Havana, CubaPRAN VOHRA, Department of Avian Sciences, College of Agricultural andEnvironmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USAANTOON DE VOS, Whitford, Auckland, New ZealandGRAHAME WEBB, Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory, Win-nellie, Northern Territory, AustraliaDAGMAR WERNER, Fundacion Pro Iguana Verde, Heredia, Costa RicaGARY WETTERBERG, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., USACHAREES H. WHARTON, Clayton, Georgia, USAF.W. BERT WHEEEER, College Station, Texas, USAROMULUS WHITAKER, Madras Crocodile Bank, Perur, Tamil Nadu, IndiaWILDEIFE CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAE, New York Zoological Society, TheBronx, New York, USAR.R. YEO, USDA-ARS, University of California, Davis, California, USABRUCE A. YOUNG, Department of Animal Science, University of Alberta,Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaCHAROON YOUNGPRAPAKORN, The Samutprakan Crocodile Farm and Zoo,Samutprakan, ThailandTHOMAS M. YUILL, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin,Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USAW. ZEILLER, Miami Seaquarium, Miami, Florida, USA1XOCR for page R10OCR for page R11Preface The purpose of this report is to raise awareness of the potential ofsmall livestock species and to stimulate their introduction into animalresearch and economic development programs. It is geared particularlytowards benefiting developing nations. "Microlivestock" is a term we have coined for species that areinherently small, such as rabbits and poultry, as well as for breeds ofcattle, sheep, goats, and pigs that are less than about half the size ofthe most common breeds. These miniature animals are seldom consid-ered in the broad picture of livestock development, but they seem tohave a promising future. Wherever land is scarce it seems reasonableto assume that, things being equal, small animals would be moreattractive than large ones. And land for livestock is becoming increas-ingly scarce. In this report we have emphasized multipurpose species with promisefor smallholders. In some species, the promise is immediate; in others,it is long term, and much research must be undertaken before thatpromise can be realized or even understood. We have included wild species that seem to have potential as futurelivestock. Some are threatened with extinction but are described herebecause their economic merits may be the key to acquiring supportfor their protection. Also, we have highlighted rare breeds of domes-ticated species because the current tendency has been to concentrateon a small number of large breeds, and many potentially valuablebreeds are becoming extinct through neglect. The book was prepared after an intensive survey of more than 300animal scientists in 80 countries. They suggested more than 150 speciesfor inclusion. The staff then drafted chapters on about 40 species andthese drafts were reviewed by more than 400 researchers worldwide.The thousands of resulting comments, corrections, and additions wereintegrated into the drafts. The panel then met to review the product,to select the most promising species, and to rework the chapters basedon their own experiences and joint conclusions. The result is thecurrent 35 chapters. Most of the case studies and accounts of inno-vations highlighted in the various sidebars were developed by the staffstudy director.X1OCR for page R12. .X11MICROLIVESTOCK Collectively, this study covers many species, but it by no meansexhausts all the microlivestock possibilities. Lack of space and timeprecludes discussion of creatures such as edible insects, snails, worms,turtles, and bats, which in some regions are highly regarded foods.Similarly, we have not included aquatic life. These decisions werearbitrary; perhaps invertebrates and aquatic species can be includedin future volumes. This report is addressed to government administrators, technical-assistance personnel, and researchers in agriculture, nutrition, andrelated disciplines who are concerned with helping developing countriesachieve a more efficient and balanced exploitation of their biologicalresources. Hence, we deal with the animals in a general way anddo not cover details of biology, husbandry, or economics. A selectionof readings that contains such technical information is cited inAppendix A. A further goal of this project has been to explore the common groundbetween the disparate arms of animal science: to show that specialistsin wildlife, zoology, and livestock science have much to learn fromone another's field of expertise; to show that "fanciers" of pigeons,pheasants, chinchillas, iguanas, and other species may have much tooffer livestock breeders including germplasm; and that those whoraise "obsolete" breeds are not only playing a vital role in the protectionof rare genes but can offer the benefit of their experience to commerciallivestock producers. Throughout this report, the scientific names of mammals followthose in: Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and GeographicReference. 1982. J.H. Honacki, K.E. Kinman, and J.W. Koeppl,editors. Published by Allen Press, Inc.; and the Association of Sys-tematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas, USA. All dollar figures arein U.S. dollars; all ton figures are in metric tons. This report has been produced under the auspices of the AdvisoryCommittee on Technology Innovation (ACTI) of the Board on Scienceand Technology for International Development, National ResearchCouncil. ACTI was mandated to assess innovative scientific andtechnological advances, with particular emphasis on those appropriatefor developing countries. In this spirit, therefore, the current reportincludes some extremely unusual species. Whether these will eventuallyprove practical for widespread use is uncertain, but we present themhere for researchers and others who look forward to challenges andenjoy the satisfaction of successful pioneering. The domestication ofnew poultry, as well as the management of rodents, iguanas, and smalldeer and antelope, should be viewed in this spirit.Current titles in the ACTI series on managing tropical animalresources are:OCR for page R13PREFACEˇ The Water Buffalo: New Prospects for an Underutilized Animalˇ Little-Known Asian Animals with a Promising Economic Futureˇ Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropicsˇ Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea.. . .x~ The production of these books has been supported largely by theOffice of the Science Advisor of the U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment (AID), which also made this report possible.WARNING If misunderstood, this book is potentially dangerous. Because of theseverity of the food crisis, the panel has selected some animal~mainlyin the rodent section that are highly adaptable and grow quickly. Theseseem appropriate for raising only in areas where they already exist,which are clearly identified in those chapters. Such potentially invasiveanimals should not be introduced to other environments because theycould become serious pests. In any trials, local species should always begiven priority.How to cite this report:National Research Council. 1991. Microlivestock: Little-Known SmallAnimals with a Promising Economic Future. National Academy Press,Washington, D.C.OCR for page R14OCR for page R15 Contents Introduction 1 PART I MICROBREEDS 1 Microcattle 16 2 Microgoats 3 Microsheep 4 Micropigs 6214Part II POULTRY 725 Chicken 786 Ducks 907 Geese 1008 Guinea Fowl 114 9 Muscovy 124 10 Pigeon 136 11 Quail 146 12 Turkey 156 13 Potential New Poultry 166 PART III RABBITS 178 14 Domestic Rabbit 182 PART IV RODENTS 192 15 Agouti 198 16 Capybara 17 Coypu 216 18 Giant Rat19 Grasscutter20 Guinea Pig21 Hutia 25022 Mara 25623 Paca 26224 Vizcacha 27025 Other Rodents224232240 PART V DEER AND ANTELOPE 284 26 Mouse Deer 290 27 Muntjac 298xvOCR for page R16XVI 28 Musk Deer 306 29 South America's Microdeer 314 30 Water Deer 320 31 Duikers 326 32 Other Small Antelope PART VI LIZARDS 342 33 Green Iguana 34634 Black Iguana 354PART VII OTHERS 36035 Bees 362APPENDIXESA Selected ReadingsB Research ContactsC371393Biographical Sketches of Panel Members 427 INDEX OF SPECIES 437336Board on Science and Technology for InternationalDevelopment (BOSTID) 440 BOSTID Publications 441Art CreditsPage144690114124156166206MICROLIVESTOCKSmall Farmer's JournalBalai Penelitian Ternak, Bogor, IndonesiaTom Phillips, The Anstendig Institute, San FranciscoBrenda SpearsCAB International, Wallingford, United KingdomDrawing from Lewis Wright's Poultry by J. Batty, reproducedby permission Nimrod Bood Services, Liss, United KingdomDrawing by Charles W. Schwartz, reproduced by permissionfrom Wildlife of Mexico: The Game Birds and Mammals, by A.Starker Leopold, courtesy University of California PressSmall Farmer's JournalCourtesy, Department of Library Services, American Museumof Natural HistoryDavid W. MacdonaldOCR for page R17ART CREDITS xvii 216 Charles A. Woods 232 Reproduced from The Rodents of West Africa, ~ Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). 250 Charles A. Woods 270 FAO, Santiago, Chile 290 Reprinted from Animals of Southern Asia by M. Tweedie, courtesy Paul Hamlyn Publishing, part of Reed International Book. 320 Huang Chu-Chien 346 Horacio Rivera 362 Drawing by Sarah Landry. Reprinted by permission of Harvard University Press from The Insect Societies, by Edward O. Wilson, p. 97. Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, copyright ~ 1971 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.Drawings on pages 198, 240, and 256 are reproduced by permission from TheRandom House Encyclopedia, copyright ~ 1983 by Random House, Inc.Silhouettes on pages 284, 297, 313, 319, 334, are reproduced from HoofedMammals of the World by Ugo Mochi and T. Donald Carter, reproduced withthe permission of Charles Scribner's Sons. Copyright ~ 1953 by Ugo Mochiand T. Donald Carter, copyright renewed 1981 by Edna Mochi. All rightsreserved.The maps on pages 203, 210, 219, 227, 236, 243, 253, 260, 265, 274, 292, 293,309, and the drawings or pages 276 and 314 are adapted from Grcimek'sAnimal Life Encyclopaedia and are reproduced by permission of Coron Verlag,Lachen am Zurichsee, Switzerland.Drawings on pages 178, 224, 262, and 306, are reprinted by kind permissionof Andromeda Oxford Ltd. and first published in the Encyclopedia of Mammalsby David W. Macdonald, Facts on File (New York).Drawings on pages 326 and 336 are by Clare Abbott and are reprinted fromThe Mammals of the Southern African Subregion, courtesy the University ofPretoria.Cover Design by David BennettOCR for page R18OCR for page R191UICROLIVESTOCKOCR for page R20In the developing countries, there are over 100 million farms of lessthan five hectares, supporting about 700 million people, who representabout 17 percent of the world population. Even more significant is thefact that about 50 million farms have less than one hectare of land.C. Devendra and Marcia BurnsGoat Production in the TropicsWe may now be in the wind down stage of bigger is better animalselection trend and it has certain!: been a wild ride.... the lessonnow being learned is that the bigger breeding animals . . . cost moreto maintain, are often slower to reproduce, and may even have ashorter lifespan.Kelly KloberSmall Farmer's JournalI ~ |
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